Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Umfang: 1 online resource (290 pages)

Ausgabe: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9781107000339 , 9781139080385

Inhalt: This volume assembles a group of experts to examine preferential trade agreements (PTAs). It presents a discussion of the evolving economic analysis regarding PTAs and the various dysfunctions that continually place them among the priority items for negotiation by the WTO

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction: The Law and Economics of Contingent Protection: An Introduction to the Volume -- 1 Preferential Trading Agreements: Friend or Foe? -- 1. Member Countries -- 1.1. Trade Effects -- 1.2. Why Join a PTA - and with Whom? -- 1.3. Investment -- 1.4. Industrial Location and Growth -- 1.5. "Deep Integration" -- 2. Excluded Countries -- 3. PTAs and the Trading System -- 3.1 Millstones -- 3.2. Stepping-Stones -- 3.3. Equilibrium Tariff -- 3.4. Trade Negotiations -- 3.5. Depth and Breadth in Integration -- References -- The "Legalization" of GATT Article XXIV - Can Foes Become Friends? -- Introduction -- 1. Regional Trade Law and Economics - "Friends or Foes"? -- 2. The Troublesome Development Dimension -- 3. "Legalization" Arrives -- 4. Doha Round Transparency Developments -- 5. Recent Dispute Developments, Brazil-Tyres -- 5.1 The EC Points of Attack -- 5.2. The Appellate Body Ruling on Article XX -- 6. Conclusion: On to the Future -- 2 Third-Country Effects of Regional Trade Agreements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Foundations for Trade Diversion and Trade Policy -- 3. Empirical Evidence on Trade Diversion and Trade Policy -- 4. Evidence on Diversion and Trade Liberalization in RTAs -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- 3 Contingent Protection Rules in Regional Trade Agreements -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Brief Introduction of the Issues -- 1.2. Survey of Analytical and Policy Discussions Surrounding Trade Remedies -- 1.2.1. Why Are Trade Remedies Needed in RTAs? -- 1.2.2. Legal Issues Surrounding Trade Remedies in RTAs -- 1.2.3. Demand for Trade Remedies in RTAs -- 1.2.4. Welfare Effects of Trade Remedy Provisions in RTAs -- 2. RTAs Included in the Mapping -- 2.1. Key Economic Characteristics of the RTAs -- 2.2. Other Stylized Facts , 3. Methodological Approach to the Mapping -- 3.1. Review of Previous Approaches to Examining Contingent Protection Rules in RTAs -- 3.2. Benchmarks (Templates) Used for the Mapping -- 3.2.1. Introduction -- 3.2.2. Antidumping -- 3.2.3. Countervailing Duties -- 3.2.4. Safeguards -- 4.1. Patterns and Correlations across RTAs -- 4.2. Hubs and Spokes -- 4.3. Abolishing Trade Remedies in RTAs -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 3.1 Commentary on "Contingent Protection Rules in Regional Trade Agreements" -- Introduction -- 1. General Comments -- 3. Miscellaneous Observations -- 4 The Limits of PTAs: WTO Legal Restrictions on the Use of WTO-Plus Standards Regulation in PTAs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. National TBTSPS Measures, PTA Disciplines on National TBTSPS Measures, and Multilateral Trade: Friends or Fortresses? -- 2.1. National and PTA TBTSPS Measures as Barriers to Trade -- 2.2. Potential Threats to Multilateral Trade -- 2.2.1. Discriminatory or Unnecessary Harmonized Rules -- 2.2.2. Discriminatory Access to Benefits of Negative Integration -- 2.2.3 Discriminatory Access to Benefits of Internal Mutual Recognition -- 2.3. Potential Benefits to Multilateral Trade -- 2.3.1. PTA-Driven "Autonomous" TBTSPS Liberalization -- 2.3.2. The "Lock-In" Effect -- 2.3.3. "Parallel Processing" in Reduction of Nontariff Barriers -- 2.3.4. PTAs as "Laboratories" of Integration -- 2.4. The Building Blocks versus Stumbling Blocks Analysis of TBTSPS Measures -- 2.5. Market-Access-Based Analysis -- 3. The Relationship among Article XXIV and GATT, the TBT Agreement, and the SPS Agreement -- 3.1. Article XXIV -- 3.2. The Relationship between Article XXIV and the TBT Agreement and SPS Agreement -- 3.3. The Relationship between Article XXIV and Articles I, III, and XI of GATT -- 3.4. Necessity and Balancing , 3.2.3. Establishing Tests for Assessing Whether a PTA Raises Barriers to the Trade of Third Parties -- 3.2.4. Reasonable Period of Time and Exceptional Circumstances -- 3.2.5. Development-Related Issues -- 3.2.6. Desirability and Plausibility of Reform Proposals -- 3.3. Transparency Plus: WTO Control of PTA Dispute Settlement and Expanded Third-Party Participation -- 3.3.1. WTO Dispute Settlement -- 3.3.2. Transparency and Participation -- 4. Conclusion -- 8.1 Comments on "A Model Article XXIV: Are There Realistic Possibilities to Improve It?" -- References -- Index , 3.5. Necessity and Article I and III of GATT, the TBT Agreement, and the SPS Agreement -- 3.6. Is Mutual Recognition a Violation of MFN? -- 4. The Regional--Multilateral Relationship in the WTO as It Pertains to TBTSPS Measures: Article XXIV and the Understanding -- 4.1. The Internal Requirement for Customs Union or Free Trade Area Status -- 4.1.1. What is an "Other Restrictive Regulations of Commerce" under Article XXIV:8(a)(i) and (b)? How does it differ from an "Other Regulations of Commerce" Under Article XXIV:5(a) and (b), and Article XXIV:8(a)(ii)? -- 4.1.2. The Requirements of Article XXIV:8(a)(i) and Article XXIV:8(b) -- 4.2. The External Requirement for Customs Union Status -- 4.3. The Requirement not to Raise External Barriers -- 4.4. TBT Agreement -- 4.5. SPS Agreement -- 4.6. Compare GATS Article VII -- 5. Conclusion -- 5 EU and U.S. Preferential Trade Agreements: Deepening or Widening of WTO Commitments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodological Issues -- 2.1. PTAs and the WTO -- 2.2. The Agreements under Study -- 2.3. The Coverage of the Agreements -- 2.4. The Legal Enforceability of Identified Areas -- 3. WTO+ Areas -- 3.1. Coverage of WTO+ Areas -- 3.2. The Enforceability of WTO+ Obligations -- 3.3. Main Observations Concerning WTO+ Undertakings -- 4. WTO-X Areas -- 4.1. The Coverage of WTO-X Areas -- 4.2. The Enforceability of WTO-X Obligations -- 4.3. Main Observations Concerning WTO-X Undertakings -- 5. PTAs and the WTO - More of the Same or Ventures into New Areas? -- 5.1. Differences in Coverage of EC and U.S. PTAs -- 5.2. Center of Gravity of EC and U.S. PTAs Adjusted for Legal Enforceability -- 5.3. In Which Areas Is Legal Inflation Most Pervasive? -- 5.4. Closing Remarks -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Straightening the Spaghetti Bowl , 5.1 Comments on "Beyond the WTO? Coverage and Legal Inflation in EU and U.S. Preferential Trade Agreements" -- References -- 6 Labor Clauses in EU Preferential Trade Agreements - An Analysis of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Changing Shape of EU International Relations -- 3. The ACP-EU Cotonou Partnership Agreement -- 4. Concluding Remarks and Ways Forward -- 7 Do PTAs Actually Increase Parties' Services Trade? -- World Trade Organization -- 1. The Basic Economics of Trade in Services -- 2. The Different Liberalization Approaches - From Simple PTAs to Deeper Integration -- 2.1. GATS-Type Agreements -- 2.2. NAFTA-Type Agreements -- 2.3. "Deeper Integration" Agreements -- 3. An Introduction to the Gravity Equation in International Trade -- 4. The Gravity Equation and Trade in Services -- 5. Methodology and Data -- 6. Estimation Results -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 A Model Article XXIV: Are There Realistic Possibilities to Improve It? -- 1.1. The Evolution of PTAs in the WTO/GATT System -- 1.2. The Control of PTAs in the WTO/GATT System -- 1.2.1. The Basic Rules of Article XXIV -- 1.2.2. Review and Oversight of PTAs by WTO Members -- 1.2.3. Review of PTAs in Dispute Settlement -- 1.2.4. The Doha Negotiations on PTAs -- 1.2.5. Summary -- 2. The Effects of Preferential Trade Agreements on the Multilateral Trading System -- 2.1. The Economic Effects of PTAs -- 2.2. Other Effects of PTAs -- 2.3. The Desirability of PTAs and the Multilateral Trading System Compared -- 3. Proposals for Enhancing WTO Control of PTAs -- 3.1. The WTO Report, Sutherland Report, and Warwick Commission -- 3.2. Clarifications and Modifications to the Text of Article XXIV -- 3.2.1. Defining "substantially all the trade" -- 3.2.2. Banning Trade Remedies after Transition Periods

Weitere Ausg.: Print version Bagwell, Kyle W. Preferential Trade Agreements New York : Cambridge University Press,c2011 ISBN 9781107000339

Sprache: Englisch

Schlagwort(e): Electronic books

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