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Format: 1 online resource (520 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9781107005440 , 9781139080903

Content: Farm subsidies are controversial worldwide. Are trade-distorting subsidies of countries consistent with their legal obligations under the WTO? This in-depth analysis of eight key developed and developing countries examines loopholes in existing rules and assesses the potential for the negotiation of tighter constraints

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acronyms -- General -- European Union -- United States -- Japan -- Norway -- Brazil -- India -- China -- Philippines -- PART I: Overview of domestic support issues and WTO rules -- 1 Introduction -- Domestic support rules -- Scope of the book -- Key issues in the analysis -- Compliance with the Agreement -- Accurate and meaningful measurement -- Tracking changes in domestic policies -- Contribution to transparency -- Contribution to national policy reform -- Contribution to international policy convergence -- Potential contribution of a Doha agreement -- The overall aim of this book -- References -- 2 The WTO disciplines on domestic support -- History of domestic support discipline in the WTO -- The discipline under the Agreement on Agriculture -- Key distinctions in constraining domestic support -- Domestic support notifications and the Committee on Agriculture -- Dispute settlement involving domestic support -- The Doha negotiations on domestic support -- Key distinctions in constraining domestic support under a Doha agreement -- Future entitlements to distorting support -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- PART II: Developed countries: have high levels of support come down? -- 3 European Union -- Domestic support in the EU -- Notifications of domestic support 1995/96-2008/09 -- Consistency with WTO limits -- Policy interpretation of the notifications -- Alternative notifications -- Doha and projected domestic support notifications, 2009/10-2015/16 -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 4 United States -- Domestic support in the US -- US farm policy since the Agreement -- The 2008 FCE Act -- Notifications of domestic support, 1995-2008 -- Green box support -- Current Total AMS -- Comparison of MPS measurements , Article 21 Final Provisions (not reproduced) -- ANNEX 1 PRODUCT COVERAGE (not reproduced) -- ANNEX 2 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: THE BASIS FOR EXEMPTION FROM THE REDUCTION COMMITMENTS -- Government Service Programmes -- ANNEX 3 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: CALCULATION OF AGGREGATE MEASUREMENT OF SUPPORT -- ANNEX 4 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENT OF SUPPORT -- ANNEX 5 SPECIAL TREATMENT WITH RESPECT TO PARAGRAPH 2 OF ARTICLE 4 (not reproduced) -- Appendix B: Domestic support provisions of the Doha draft modalities -- I. DOMESTIC SUPPORT -- A. Overall reduction of trade-distorting domestic support: A Tiered Formula -- Base level -- Tiered reduction formula -- Implementation period and staging -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other commitments -- B. Final Bound Total AMS: A Tiered Formula -- Tiered reduction formula -- Implementation period and staging -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- C. Product-Specific AMS Limits -- General -- Special and differential treatment -- D. De minimis -- Reductions -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- E. Blue Box -- Basic criteria -- Additional criteria -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- F. Green Box -- G. Cotton: Domestic Support -- Reductions in support for cotton -- Implementation -- Special and differential treatment -- ANNEX A: UNITED STATES - PRODUCT SPECIFIC BLUE BOX LIMITS -- ANNEX B: ANNEX 2 OF ThE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE ShALL BE AMENDED AS FOLLOWS: -- Government Service Programmes -- General services (paragraph 2) -- Public stockholding for food security purposes -- Decoupled income support (paragraph 6) , Conclusion -- References -- PART IV: Looking forward: can fair markets be achieved? -- 11 The difficult task of disciplining domestic support -- Compliance with WTO commitments -- Trends in support among countries -- Doha's enhanced disciplines on domestic support -- How binding are the potential Doha constraints? -- Strengthening international disciplines beyond Doha -- Greater international transparency -- Accurate and meaningful measurements of support -- Green box disciplines -- Ensuring fair markets for food consumers -- The challenge ahead -- References -- Appendix A: Domestic support provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture -- Members -- PART I -- Article 1 Definition of Terms -- Article 2 Product Coverage -- PART II -- Article 3: Incorporation of Concessions and Commitments -- PART III -- Article 4 Market Access (not reproduced) -- Article 5 Special Safeguard Provisions (not reproduced) -- PART IV -- Article 6 Domestic Support Commitments -- Article 7 General Disciplines on Domestic Support -- PART V -- Article 8 Export Competition Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 9 Export Subsidy Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 10 Prevention of Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 11 Incorporated Products (not reproduced) -- PART VI -- Article 12 Disciplines on Export Prohibitions and Restrictions (not reproduced) -- PART VII -- Article 13 Due Restraint -- PART VIII -- Article 14 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (not reproduced) -- PART IX -- Article 15 Special and Differential Treatment -- PART X -- Article 16 Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries -- PART XI -- Article 17 Committee on Agriculture -- Article 18 Review of the Implementation of Commitments -- Article 19 Consultation and Dispute Settlement -- PART XII -- Article 20 Continuation of the Reform Process -- PART XIII , Green box -- Development programs -- Product-specific AMS support: de minimis and CTAMS -- Non-product-specific de minimis AMS support -- Shadow notifications, 2006/07 and 2007/08 -- Support levels -- Alternatives to the notifications in relation to the WTO rules -- Reallocate Article 6.2 investment subsidies to non-product-specific AMS support -- Apply developed country rules to Brazil -- Recalculate MPS using total production rather than government procurement -- Alternative approaches to notifying the debt rescheduling programs -- Alternative approaches to notifying the Risk Minimizing Agribusiness Program -- Ethanol policies and the WTO rules -- Projected notifications through 2018 -- Possible Doha commitments -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 8 India -- Agriculture in India -- Domestic support notifications, 1995-1997 -- Shadow notifications, 1998-2008 -- Green box -- Development programs -- Product-specific AMS support -- Non-product-specific de minimis AMS support -- Domestic support trends -- Notification alternatives -- Projections and future commitments -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 9 China -- Agricultural sector and policy setting -- Agricultural policy -- Trade policies -- Domestic policies -- Notifications and shadow notifications, 1996-2008 -- Alternative measurements of support -- Direct payments -- Measuring market price support -- Adjustments in non-product-specific AMS support -- Reported input subsidies -- Agricultural taxes -- Non-reported input subsidies -- Domestic support projections, 2009-2016 -- Summary and conclusion -- References -- 10 Philippines -- Economic structure and policies -- Trade policies -- Agricultural support programs -- The hybrid rice production program -- Notifications of domestic support -- Shadow notifications -- Alternative calculations of MPS -- Projected support and Doha , Non-product-specific AMS support -- Consistency of US support with WTO commitments -- Other alternative subsidy measurement -- Disaster payments -- Federal tax exemptions for agriculture -- Crop and revenue insurance costs -- Irrigation and electric power -- Ethanol -- Projected US notifications and WTO constraints -- Under the Agreement -- Under the Doha draft modalities -- Future compliance with Doha -- Uncertainty due to the ACRE program -- Summary and implications for US agricultural policy -- References -- 5 Japan -- Political economy of the agricultural sector -- Small-scale farmers' political power -- The significance of farmland regulations -- Rice policy -- Government-led rice production cartel -- The 2007 reform and a subsequent shift in political power -- The DPJ takes power in 2009 -- Domestic support notifications and shadow notifications -- Notifications, 1995-2006 -- Green box -- Current Total AMS -- Shadow notifications, 2007 and 2008 -- Projections of domestic support notifications, 2009-2015 -- Constraints on projected support under the Agreement and Doha draft modalities -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 6 Norway -- Domestic agricultural policy -- Domestic support notifications -- Green box -- Blue box -- Current Total AMS and de minimis -- Alternative notifications -- Doha commitments and policy options for Norway -- Doha commitments -- Projections and policy options -- Conclusions -- References -- PART III: Developing countries: will low levels of support rise? -- 7 Brazil -- Brazil's agricultural support policies -- Production, marketing and investment credit programs -- Investment credit -- Output support programs -- Rural development and family farming support -- Debt management programs -- Agricultural risk insurance -- Domestic support notifications and shadow notifications -- Notifications, 1994/94-2005/06 , Payments (made either directly or by way of government financial participation in crop insurance schemes) for relief from natural disasters (paragraph 8)

Additional Edition: Print version Orden, David WTO Disciplines on Agricultural Support Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,c2011 ISBN 9781107005440

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books

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