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Umfang: 1 online resource (256 pages)

Ausgabe: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9781107009660 , 9781107333116

Serie: Cambridge Studies in European Law and Policy Series

Inhalt: A compelling contribution to the scholarly discussion of interrelationships between the WTO and EU legal orders and the standing and protection of individuals facing national, regional and international layers of governance. This book will be of interest to students, academics and practitioners of WTO and European law

Anmerkung: Cover -- Contents -- Series editors' preface -- Preface -- List of abbreviations -- Table of cases -- In chronological order -- European Court of Justice -- Court of First Instance (now the General Court) -- World Trade Organization -- Table of legislation -- In chronological order -- Introduction -- 1 Setting the scene: WTO disputes, retaliation and the EU courts' reception of WTO law -- 1.1 Relevant international trade disputes so far: the Hormones and Bananas cases brought before the WTO -- 1.1.1 The Hormones case -- 1.1.2 The Bananas case -- 1.2 Overview of existing EU jurisprudence -- 1.2.1 Background: case law on the effect of WTO law as a benchmark for the validity of EU measures -- 1.2.1.1 The ECJ's approach with regard to the GATT 1947 -- 1.2.1.2 The ECJ's approach with regard to the 1994 WTO Agreement -- 1.2.1.2.1 Review in the light of primary WTO law -- 1.2.1.2.2 Implementation principle -- 1.2.1.2.3 Review in the light of mixed agreements -- 1.2.1.2.4 Review in the light of DSB rulings -- 1.2.2 Liability cases -- 1.2.2.1 The Bananas case: Atlanta, Cordis and others -- 1.2.2.2 The Hormones case: Biret -- 1.2.2.3 The Bananas case revisited: Chiquita -- 1.2.2.4 Liability cases brought by 'retaliation victims': FIAMM and others -- 1.3 EU conduct under review -- 1.4 Conclusions -- 2 Liability for unlawful conduct: the role of the legal remedy and conditions of the right to compensation in the EU legal order -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Independence and complementarity of legal actions in the EU legal order -- 2.3 EU liability for unlawful conduct -- 2.3.1 Wording of the Article and leeway for the EU courts -- 2.3.2 Conditions for EU liability developed by the EU courts -- 2.3.2.1 Sufficiently serious breach of law -- 2.3.2.2 Conferral of rights -- 2.3.2.3 Damage and causal link , 2.3.3 Compensation for breaches of international law: the current approach of the EU courts -- 2.3.3.1 Breach of international law -- 2.3.3.1.1 EU obligations under international law -- 2.3.3.1.2 EU courts and international law -- 2.3.3.2 Further conditions -- 2.3.3.2.1 Nature of the breach: 'sufficiently serious' -- a. Discretion and its limits: (insufficient) competence to breach international law -- born Limits to discretion: through the EU membership in international legal regimes -- c. Summary -- 2.3.3.2.2 Nature of the infringed rule: 'conferring rights' -- 2.3.3.2.3 Damage and causal link -- 2.3.3.3 Summary -- 2.3.4 Compensation for breaches of international law: suggesting a new approach -- 2.3.4.1 Need for full judicial protection -- 2.3.4.2 Different aims of the action -- 2.3.4.3 Consistency with the principle of Member State liability -- 2.3.4.3.1 Relevance of the Francovich decision -- 2.3.4.3.2 Relevance of the Köbler decision -- 2.4 EU liability in the absence of unlawfulness -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Enforceability of the EU's WTO law obligations in the EU legal order: EU liability due to WTO law infringement -- 3.1 Unlawfulness of EU conduct in breach of WTO law -- 3.1.1 Breach of primary WTO law -- 3.1.1.1 Current reasoning of the EU courts -- 3.1.1.2 Critical assessment -- 3.1.1.2.1 Breach of WTO law before the dispute is brought before the DSB -- 3.1.1.2.2 Breach of WTO law identified by the DSB -- 3.1.1.2.3 Breach of WTO law after the expiry of the grace period -- 3.1.1.2.4 Conclusion -- 3.1.2 Exceptional direct effect of WTO primary law: the implementation principle -- 3.1.2.1 Implementation principle in the Bananas case -- 3.1.2.2 Implementation principle in the Hormones case -- 3.1.3 Corollary breach of the competence norm under the EU treaties because of the principle of consistent interpretation? , 3.2 Sufficiently serious breach -- 3.3 'Conferral of rights': 'right holders' or 'beneficiaries'? -- 3.4 Further conditions -- 3.4.1 Damage -- 3.4.2 Causal link -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 4 The impact of EU general principles on the EU's liability regime I: liability due to infringement of EU general principles -- 4.1 Liability for breaches of general principles of EU law -- 4.2 Effect of the external dimension of EU conduct on the applicability of general principles of EU law -- 4.2.1 The approach of the EU courts in FIAMM and others -- 4.2.2 The approach of the EU courts in Intertanko -- 4.2.3 The approach of the EU courts in Kadi and others -- 4.2.4 The role of EU general principles in international trade disputes -- 4.2.4.1 Vertical relationship between the EU and traders -- 4.2.4.2 Is there any prevailing international legal obligation? -- 4.3 Effect of the external dimension of EU conduct on the scope of general principles of EU law -- 4.4 Scope of the general principles of EU law invoked by retaliation victims -- 4.4.1 The right to property and the principle of pursuit of an economic activity -- 4.4.2 The principle of legitimate expectations -- 4.4.3 The right to non-discrimination -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 5 The impact of EU general principles on the EU's liability regime II: liability in the absence of (invokable) unlawfulness in international trade disputes or 'no-fault liability' -- 5.1 Existence of the liability principle in the absence of unlawfulness under EU law -- 5.1.1 FIAMM and others: the (now) GC -- 5.1.2 FIAMM and others on appeal: Advocate General Maduro -- 5.1.3 FIAMM and others on appeal: the ECJ -- 5.1.4 Critical evaluation -- 5.2 Application of the liability regime to the situation of retaliation victims -- 5.2.1 Actual and certain damage -- 5.2.2 Unusual damage -- 5.2.2.1 Sectoral versus market risk -- 5.2.2.2 Inherent versus exogenous risk , 5.2.2.3 Gravity of damage -- 5.2.3 Special damage -- 5.2.4 Condition of 'damage not being justified by a general economic interest'? -- 5.3 Conclusions -- 6 The current situation of retaliation victims and how to fill the gap in judicial protection while further respecting the EU institutions' international scope for manoeuvre -- 6.1 WTO law and the position of individuals -- 6.1.1 What happened in the WTO? -- 6.1.2 EU law and the WTO: two separate legal orders and no right to compensation? -- 6.1.3 An international comparison: the USA, Japan and Canada -- 6.1.3.1 The USA -- 6.1.3.2 Canada -- 6.1.3.3 Japan -- 6.1.3.4 Outlook -- 6.2 EU constitutional law and retaliation victims -- 6.2.1 EU general principles and liability for their breaches: hope for compensation? -- 6.2.2 EU general principles and liability in the absence of unlawfulness: a missed opportunity? -- 6.2.2.1 The EU system of legal protection and judicial remedies -- 6.2.2.2 Effect of the principle on the political scope for manoeuvre -- 6.2.2.3 Good governance and the use of discretionary powers -- 6.3 Concluding remarks: the EU as a global actor, the international legal order and individual rights -- Bibliography -- Articles and book chapters -- Editorial comments -- Books -- Other sources -- Index

Weitere Ausg.: Print version Thies, Anne International Trade Disputes and EU Liability New York : Cambridge University Press,c2013 ISBN 9781107009660

Sprache: Englisch

Schlagwort(e): Electronic books

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