Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Umfang: 1 online resource (1248 pages)

Ausgabe: Second edition

ISBN: 0-12-814656-7

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- BIOMARKERS IN TOXICOLOGY -- BIOMARKERS IN TOXICOLOGY -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- I - TOXICITY TESTING MODELS AND BIOMARKERS -- 1 - Introduction -- References -- 2 Rodent Models for Toxicity Testing and Biomarkers -- INTRODUCTION -- THE RAT -- Use in Toxicological Research -- Characteristics -- Strain Differences -- Normal Physiological Values -- STUDY DESIGNS -- ROUTES OF TEST ARTICLE ADMINISTRATION -- Oral Routes -- Dietary Versus Gavage Methods -- Dietary Method -- Gavage Method -- Test Article Preparation -- Equipment -- Technique -- Neonatal Administration -- Capsule -- Water -- Intravenous Route -- Lateral Tail Vein -- Bolus Injection -- Tail Vein Infusions -- Jugular Vein -- Bolus Injection -- Infusion -- Saphenous, Lateral Marginal, and Metatarsal Veins -- Dorsal Penis Vein -- Sublingual Vein -- Intraperitoneal Route -- Intramuscular Route -- Subcutaneous Route -- Topical Route -- Rectal Route -- Intranasal Route -- Inhalation Route -- Intratracheal Administration -- REGIMEN -- END POINT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES -- Observations and Physical Examinations -- Neurobehavioral Examination -- Functional Observational Battery -- Locomotor Activity -- Cardiovascular Parameters -- Electrocardiography -- Recording Methods -- Restraint -- Position -- Tethered -- Leads -- Telemetry -- ECG Waveform -- Heart Rate -- Blood Pressure -- Indirect Measurement -- Tail Cuff Method -- Hindpaw Method -- Direct Measurement -- Blood Collection Techniques -- Retro-Orbital Plexus -- Tail -- Tail Clip -- Venipuncture -- Arterial Puncture -- Cardiac Puncture -- Abdominal Aorta and Vena Cava -- Jugular Vein -- Proximal Saphenous and Metatarsal Vein -- Proximal Saphenous Vein -- Metatarsal Vein -- Sublingual Vein -- Decapitation -- Cannulation -- Jugular Vein -- Inferior Vena Cava -- Abdominal Aorta. , Subcutaneous Ports -- Urine Collection -- Necropsy -- SUMMARY -- The Mouse -- Use in Toxicological Research -- Normal Physiological Values -- Species Differences -- Strain Differences -- STUDY DESIGNS -- Acute Toxicity Studies -- Short-Term Toxicity Studies -- Chronic Toxicity Studies (26weeks-2years) -- Carcinogenicity Studies (18-24months) -- Teratology Studies -- Segment II Teratology Studies -- Genetic Toxicity Studies -- Mouse Micronucleus Assay -- Heritable Translocation Assay -- Microbial Host-Mediated Assay -- Special Studies -- Mouse Ear Swelling Test -- Dermal Carcinogenicity (Skin Painting) Study -- ROUTES OF TEST SUBSTANCE ADMINISTRATION -- Oral Administration -- Gavage -- Description of Technique -- Dietary Admixtures -- Description of Technique -- Drinking Water -- Description of Technique -- Intravenous Injection -- Description of Technique -- Intraperitoneal Injection -- Description of Technique -- Intramuscular Injection -- Description of Technique -- Subcutaneous Injection -- Description of Technique -- Intradermal Injection -- Description of Technique -- Topical Administration -- Description of Technique -- Inhalation -- Chamber (Whole Body) -- Head/Nose Exposure (Head Only/Nose Only) -- END POINT DATA COLLECTION -- Clinical Observations and Physical Examinations -- Clinical Laboratory Evaluations -- Postmortem Procedures -- SUMMARY -- The Hamster -- SPECIES -- Syrian Hamster -- Chinese Hamster -- European Hamster -- Armenian Hamster -- Turkish Hamster -- Rumanian Hamster -- Dzungarian Hamster -- South African Hamster -- SPONTANEOUS TUMORS -- ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION -- DOSING PROCEDURES -- Oral Administration -- Subcutaneous Administration -- Intradermal Administration -- Intramuscular Administration -- Intraperitoneal Administration -- Intravenous Administration -- BLOOD COLLECTION TECHNIQUES -- Retro-orbital Method. , Cardiac Puncture -- Tail Clipping Method -- Femoral Vein Method -- Jugular Vein Method -- Saphenous Vein -- URINE COLLECTION -- PHYSICAL PARAMETERS -- Neonatal Body Weights -- Body Weights and Weight Gains -- Dentition -- Life Spans -- Sexual Maturity -- Respiratory Rate and Oxygen Consumption -- BLOOD PRESSURE -- HEART RATE -- ECG PATTERNS -- CLINICAL LABORATORY -- Glucose -- Lipids -- Urea Nitrogen -- ENZYMES -- Alkaline Phosphatase -- Alanine Aminotransferase -- Aspartate Aminotransferase -- Creatine Kinase and Lactic Dehydrogenase -- Thyroid Hormones -- Reproductive Hormones -- Adrenal Hormones -- PROTEINS -- HEMATOLOGY VALUES -- Erythrocytes -- Leukocytes -- Coagulation -- Trypanosomes -- BLOOD GASES AND PH -- URINE VALUES -- SPECIES PECULIARITIES -- STRAIN-RELATED CONSIDERATIONS -- TYPICAL STUDY PROTOCOLS -- Carcinogenicity Toxicity Testing -- Inhalation and Intratracheal Studies -- Teratology Studies -- Toxicology Studies -- CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELL CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS -- SYRIAN HAMSTER EMBRYO CELL TRANSFORMATION ASSAY -- MODELS OF DISEASES -- Cardiomyopathy -- Dental Caries -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Leprosy -- Muscular Dystrophy -- Osteoarthritis and Degenerative Joint Disease -- Pancreatic Cancer -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- 3 Göttingen Minipigs as Large Animal Model in Toxicology -- PIGS AND MINIPIGS IN TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH -- LEGISLATION AND SPECIES SELECTION -- GÖTTINGEN MINIPIGS AS AN ANIMAL MODEL -- DOSING ROUTES AND FORMULATIONS -- AGE AND SEX -- HEMATOLOGY -- BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY -- ORGAN WEIGHT, BACKGROUND FINDINGS, AND COMPARATIVE ASPECTS -- SAFETY PHARMACOLOGY -- IMMUNE SYSTEM -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- 4 Nonhuman Primates in Preclinical Research -- INTRODUCTION -- CLINICAL PATHOLOGY IN NHPS -- Preanalytical Variation -- Hematology -- Coagulation and Hemostasis. , Clinical Biochemistry -- Urinalysis -- BACKGROUND MICROSCOPIC LESIONS IN NHPS -- Mononuclear Cell Infiltrates -- Cardiovascular -- Gastrointestinal and Hepatic -- Renal -- Skeletal Muscle -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- 5 Biomarkers of Toxicity in Zebrafish -- INTRODUCTION -- ZEBRAFISH BACKGROUND -- ECOTOXICOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS OF TOXICITY -- EXAMPLES OF BIOMARKERS OF FISH TOXICITY -- AN EXAMPLE OF AN ESTABLISHED BIOMARKER: VITELLOGENIN -- CAUTIONS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Mechanistic Toxicology Biomarkers in Caenorhabditis elegans -- INTRODUCTION -- C. ELEGANS AND BIOMARKERS -- MECHANISTIC BIOMARKERS -- Oxidative Stress Markers -- Mitochondrial Markers -- NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Parkinson's Disease -- CONCERNS UNIQUE TO C. ELEGANS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Potential of Small Animals in Toxicity Testing: Hope from Small World -- INTRODUCTION -- TOXICITY TESTING USING SMALL ANIMALS -- Drosophila melanogaster -- Drosophila Model in the Prediction of Cellular Toxicity -- Prediction of Developmental, Reproductive, and Behavioral Toxicity Using Drosophila melanogaster -- Toxicomics Profiling Using Drosophila -- Predication of Toxicity Using Eisenia fetida -- Prediction of Toxicity Using Daphnia magna -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Alternative Animal Toxicity Testing and Biomarkers -- INTRODUCTION -- USE OF ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING AND BIOMARKERS -- REASONS FOR DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTS AND BIOMARKERS -- EXAMPLES OF ORGANIZATIONS' RESEARCHING AND FUNDING ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING AND BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT -- ACHIEVING 3RS WITH MINIMAL TO NO ANIMAL TESTING BY USING BIOMARKERS. , In Silico Computer Simulation -- In Vitro Cell Culture Techniques -- Limitations of Alternative In Vitro Tests -- APPLICATIONS OF IN VITRO TESTS AND BIOMARKERS -- Genetic Toxicology Testing, In Vitro -- Bacterial Mutation Assay (Ames Assay) -- In Vitro Micronucleus and Chromosome Aberration Assays in Cultured Cells (Cytogenetic Assays) -- Comet or Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay -- Integrated Genotoxicity Testing Using Fewer Animals and Collecting Most Information -- Unique Zebrafish Model -- In Vitro Pharmacologic Activity Testing -- Isolated Tissues -- Receptor Binding Studies -- In Vitro Drug Disposition Studies -- Major Challenges of In Vitro Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination -- Advances in Technologies -- Systemic Toxicity Testing in Product Development -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- 9 Adverse Outcome Pathways and Their Role in Revealing Biomarkers -- INTRODUCTION -- ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS: PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT -- ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY FRAMEWORK: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES WITH BIOMARKERS -- ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS AS A TOOL TO RETRIEVE BIOMARKERS -- BIOMARKERS DEPICTED FROM THE ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY-KNOWLEDGE BASE -- REGULATORY USE OF ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- II - SYSTEMS TOXICITY BIOMARKERS -- 10 Central Nervous System Toxicity Biomarkers -- INTRODUCTION -- Measuring Central Nervous System Dysfunctions -- BIOMARKERS IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY -- Biomarkers of Exposure -- Biomarkers of Susceptibility -- Biomarkers of Effects -- CASE STUDY 1: THE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES -- Toxicity and Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus -- Biomarkers of Exposure -- Biomarkers of Susceptibility -- Biomarkers of Effect -- CASE STUDY 2: MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. , Acknowledgments.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0-12-814655-9

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 0128146567

Sprache: Englisch