Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Format: 1 online resource (651 pages)

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-805204-X

Note: Front Cover -- World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation: Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction to World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation -- Acknowledgments, and the Maps -- References -- Chapter 1: The Mangrove Ecosystem -- 1.1 Mangrove Goods and Services -- 1.1.1 Goods and Services of Mangroves -- 1.1.2 Valuing Mangrove Ecosystem Services -- 1.2 Threats -- 1.2.1 Mangrove Status and Losses -- 1.2.2 Regional and National Rates and Causes of Loss -- 1.2.2.1 Southeast Asia -- 1.2.2.2 South Asia -- 1.2.2.3 East Asia -- 1.2.2.4 Pacific -- 1.2.2.5 Australasia -- 1.2.2.6 North and Central America -- 1.2.2.7 South America -- 1.2.2.8 Africa -- 1.2.2.9 The Middle East -- 1.2.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems -- 1.2.3.1 Increasing Sea Levels -- 1.2.3.2 Increasing Precipitation and Extreme Events -- 1.2.3.3 Changes in Long-Term Climate Cycles -- 1.2.3.4 Temperature -- 1.3 Management and Conservation -- 1.3.1 National Policies and Regulations -- 1.3.2 Integrated Coastal Management and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) -- 1.3.3 Local Communities and Alternative Livelihoods -- 1.3.4 Mangrove Ecotourism -- 1.3.5 Silviculture -- 1.3.6 Aquasilviculture -- 1.3.7 Mangrove Rehabilitation -- 1.3.7.1 Seafront Planting vs Reversion of Abandoned Ponds -- 1.3.7.2 Inappropriate Mangrove Afforestation on Seagrass Beds -- 1.4 Economic Instruments to Promote Mangrove Management and Conservation -- 1.4.1 Donor-Funded Conservation Instruments -- 1.4.2 Private-Funded Conservation Instruments -- 1.4.3 Market-Based Conservation Instruments -- 1.5 International Policy Tools -- 1.5.1 Protection Through Environmental Agreements -- 1.5.2 Mangroves and the Global Policy Agenda -- 1.5.2.1 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. , 1.5.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.5.2.3 Climate Change Policies -- 1.6 Addressing Knowledge and Data Gaps -- 1.6.1 Mangrove Extent and Deforestation -- 1.6.2 Quantifying and Valuing Mangrove Ecosystem Services -- 1.6.3 The Response of Mangroves to Climate Change -- 1.7 Looking Back and Moving Forward -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2: Global Status of Coral Reefs: In Combination, Disturbances and Stressors Become Ratchets -- 2.1 Overview of the Status of Coral Reefs -- 2.2 Consequences of Historical Context -- 2.3 Rapid Recovery of Coral Communities -- 2.4 Reef Systems Lose Resilience as Disturbances Increase in Frequency and Duration -- 2.5 As Disturbances and Stresses Evolve From Events to Trends, the Production of Larvae Decreases -- 2.6 Multiple Feedbacks Affecting Recruitment Compound Declines in Rates of Reef Recovery -- 2.7 Lengthening of Reef Recovery Times -- 2.8 Increased Global Rate of Terrestrial Runoff Can Benefit Plankton-Based Food Webs, But Not Coral Reefs -- 2.9 CO2 Can Cause Not Only Seawater Warming and Acidification, But Also Stratification -- 2.10 Many Species of Corals May Not Go Extinct -- 2.11 Reef Accretion Will Lose to Bioerosion and Most Ecosystem Goods and Services Will Become Degraded -- 2.12 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Status and Trends for the World's Kelp Forests -- 3.1 Kelps: Ocean Trees -- 3.2 Phylogeography and Distribution -- 3.2.1 Growth Forms and Life Cycle -- 3.2.2 Dispersal and Recruitment -- 3.2.3 Environmental Requirements -- 3.2.4 Seasonal Dynamics of Production -- 3.2.5 Foundation Species for Diverse Communities -- 3.2.6 Ecosystem Services and Values -- 3.3 Threats Facing Global Kelp Forests -- 3.3.1 Ocean Warming and Heatwaves -- 3.3.2 Other Climate-Driven Stressors -- 3.3.3 Fishing and Kelp Harvesting. , 3.3.4 Pollution and Eutrophication -- 3.4 Trajectories of Kelp Forests Globally -- 3.4.1 Regime Shifts and Alternative States of Kelp Forests -- 3.4.2 Global Trajectories -- 3.4.3 Short-Term Records of Kelp Change -- 3.4.4 Long-Term Records of Kelp Change -- 3.4.5 Kelp Trajectories Within Different Regions -- 3.4.6 Gaps in Our Understanding, Data Limitations and Biases -- 3.5 The Future of Kelp Forests -- 3.5.1 Projected Changes in Kelp Distribution -- 3.5.2 Management Options, Building Resilience, and Solutions for Recovery -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4: Salt Marshes: Their Role in Our Society and Threats Posed to Their Existence -- 4.1 The Salt Marsh Habitat -- 4.1.1 Salt Marshes Distribution, Composition, and Importance for Coastal Communities -- 4.1.2 Salt Marshes Accretion and Growth -- 4.2 Ecosystem Services of Salt Marshes in Our Modern Society -- 4.2.1 Carbon Sequestration -- 4.2.2 Contamination Chronology and Pollutant Immobilization -- 4.2.3 Nitrogen Fixation and Water Quality Improvement -- 4.2.3.1 Support to Fishery, Wildlife Conservation, and Tourism, Sources of Raw Material and Food -- 4.2.4 Erosion Control and Coastal Protection -- 4.3 Major Threats to the Conservation of Salt Marshes -- 4.3.1 Land Reclamation and Coastal Squeeze -- 4.3.2 Eutrophication and Pollution -- 4.3.3 Vegetation Disturbance and Biological Invasion -- 4.3.4 Altered Hydrological Regimes -- 4.3.5 Global Warming and SLR -- 4.4 Management Actions to Ensure Long-Term Protection and Persistence of Salt Marsh Habitats -- 4.5 Summary, Prognoses, or Needs -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5: Remote Sensing for Marine Management -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ocean Color -- 5.2.1 Chorophyll-a -- 5.2.2 Particulate Organic Carbon -- 5.2.3 Coral Reefs. , 5.2.4 Habitat Mapping -- 5.2.4.1 Wetlands -- 5.2.4.2 Mangroves -- 5.2.4.3 Biodiversity and Health of Systems -- 5.2.4.4 Harmful Algal Blooms -- 5.2.4.5 Seagrass -- 5.3 Measurement of Physical Parameters -- 5.3.1 Sea Surface Temperature -- 5.3.2 Significant Wave Height -- 5.3.3 Sea Currents and Waves -- 5.3.4 Salinity -- 5.4 Proximal Sensing: Tracking, Biota, Benthos -- 5.4.1 Fish -- 5.4.2 Marine Mammals -- 5.4.3 Turtles -- 5.4.4 Birds -- 5.4.5 Benthic Environments -- 5.5 Oil Spills -- 5.5.1 Oil Spill Remote Sensing Using Optical Techniques -- 5.5.2 Laser Fluorosensors -- 5.5.3 Radar -- 5.5.4 Ship-Borne Radar Oil Spill Detection -- 5.5.5 Slick Thickness Measurements -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: New Advances in Benthic Monitoring Technology and Methodology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overview of Established Monitoring Techniques -- 6.3 Modern Methodologies -- 6.3.1 Remote Sensing -- 6.3.2 Acoustic-Based Methods -- 6.3.3 Chemistry-Based Methods -- 6.3.4 Optics-Based Methods -- 6.4 Structure From Motion Multiview Stereophotogrammetry -- 6.4.1 Diver Based -- 6.4.2 AUV/ROV Based -- 6.4.3 UAV Based -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Seabirds -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Changes in Marine Prey -- 7.2.1 Naturally Oscillating Ocean Regimes -- 7.2.2 Climate Change Induced Alterations in Marine Prey -- 7.3 Sea Level Rise -- 7.4 Pathogens and Parasites of Seabirds -- 7.4.1 Parasites -- 7.4.2 Diseases -- 7.4.2.1 Bacterial Pathogens -- 7.4.2.2 Viruses -- 7.5 Hunting -- 7.6 Pollutants -- 7.6.1 Oil in the Marine Environment -- 7.6.2 Anthropogenic Chemicals -- 7.6.3 Radioactivity -- 7.6.4 Marine Debris -- 7.7 Seabird-Fisheries Interactions -- 7.7.1 Incidental Bycatch of Seabirds in Fisheries -- 7.7.2 Competition for Prey Resources -- 7.7.3 Discards -- 7.8 Interactive and Cumulative Effects. , 7.9 Marine Protected Areas -- 7.10 Colony Restoration -- 7.11 Community-Based Seabird Conservation Work -- 7.12 International Conservation Efforts -- References -- Chapter 8: Blooms of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia: Causes, Consequences and Controls -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Taxonomy of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia -- 8.3 Possible Causes of Blooms of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia -- 8.4 Consequences of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia Blooms -- 8.4.1 Interference With Fisheries -- 8.4.2 Interference With Aquaculture -- 8.4.3 Clogging Cooling Intakes of Coastal Power Plants -- 8.4.4 Interference With Tourism -- 8.5 Controlling Aurelia Blooms -- 8.6 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 9: European Protection of Fisheries in the North East Atlantic -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Legal Basis of Fisheries Policy -- 9.3 The Common Fisheries Policy -- 9.4 The Precautionary Approach Under the Common Fisheries Policy -- 9.5 Conservation Measures -- 9.6 Marine Environmental Protection -- 9.7 Achieving Good Environmental Status -- 9.8 Attempting to Bridge the Gap Between Economic Exploitation and Environmental Protection -- 9.9 Progress Toward Good Environmental Status -- 9.10 Climate Change and Fishing -- 9.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Ghost Fishing -- 10.1 Ghost Fishing as a Global Problem -- 10.1.1 Causes of Derelict Fishing Gear -- 10.1.2 Studying and Quantifying the Problem -- 10.2 Traps and Pots -- 10.2.1 Europe -- 10.2.2 Mediterranean -- 10.2.3 North America -- 10.2.4 Caribbean -- 10.2.5 Arabia -- 10.2.6 Australia -- 10.2.7 E. Asia -- 10.2.8 Summary -- 10.3 Nets -- 10.3.1 Europe -- 10.3.2 Mediterranean -- 10.3.3 North America -- 10.3.4 E. Asia -- 10.3.5 South America -- 10.3.6 Summary -- 10.4 Longlines -- 10.5 Prevention & -- Mitigation -- 10.5.1 Prevention of Derelict Gear. , 10.5.2 Gear Adaptations to Prevent Ghost Fishing.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-805052-7

Language: English