Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Format: 1 online resource (xvii, 599 pages) : , digital, PDF file(s).

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 1-316-46701-5 , 1-316-46876-3 , 1-139-99836-6

Content: Every day at about 4:30, Jazz, a Hungarian Vizsla dog, leaps up on the sofa and looks out for his owner who always comes home at 5:00. He doesn't need an internal clock because he has an acute sense of smell that allows him to measure how long his master has been absent. Explaining complex behavior in simple ways, this book is a fascinating exploration of the evolution, development and processes of learning in animals. Now in its second edition, there is increased emphasis on development, evolution and dynamics; new accounts of taxic orientation, reflex induction, habituation and operant learning in organisms; more discussion of spatial learning and the processes underlying it; expanded chapters on choice and completely new chapters on molar laws, classical conditioning theories and comparative cognition. J. E. R. Staddon provides a definitive summary of contemporary theoretical understanding suitable for graduates and advanced undergraduates.

Note: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 08 Mar 2016). , Cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to the second edition -- Acknowledgments -- 1 The evolution, development, and modification of behavior -- Canalization -- Explanation -- Function, causation, and teleonomy -- Evolution and development -- Epigenesis and genetic assimilation -- Lamarck, Darwin, and gemmules -- Early environment -- Summary -- 2 Variation and selection: kineses -- Simple orienting mechanisms -- Indirect orientation (kineses) -- Neurophysiology and behavior -- 3 Reflexes -- Volition and the mind-body problem -- Sherrington's reflex -- Individual reflexes -- Threshold -- Latency -- Refractory period -- Temporal summation -- Spatial summation -- Momentum (after discharge) -- Habituation -- Rate sensitivity -- Reflex interaction -- Reciprocal inhibition (competition) -- Cooperation -- Successive induction -- Averaging -- Inhibition and reflex strength -- Summary -- 4 Direct orientation and feedback -- Taxes -- Klinotaxis -- Tropotaxis -- Light-compass reaction -- Telotaxis -- Feedback analysis -- Dynamic analysis -- Frequency analysis -- Three simple feedback responses -- When is feedback useful? -- Behavioral integration and the role of variability -- The nature of explanation -- The meaning of "black-box" analysis -- Purpose, teleology, and mechanism -- Summary -- Appendix A4.1 -- Linear systems analysis -- 5 Operant behavior -- Operant behavior and B. F. Skinner -- Causal and functional analysis of operant behavior -- Parallel models -- Operant behavior and learning -- Information theory -- Operant and classical conditioning: overview -- Habituation -- Sensitization -- Pseudoconditioning -- Classical conditioning -- Operant conditioning -- Generalization and discrimination -- The logic of historical systems -- Finite-state systems -- Equivalent histories and the experimental method. , Between-groups experiments: averaging data -- Within-subject method -- Memory -- Summary -- 6 Reward and punishment -- Reinforcement and the law of effect -- Experimental methods -- The Skinner box -- Response- and time-based schedules of reinforcement -- Equilibrium states -- Classical conditioning -- Contingency and feedback functions -- Contingency space -- Temporal and trace conditioning -- Response contingencies and feedback functions -- Feedback functions for common schedules -- Ratio schedules -- Interval schedules -- Interlocking schedules -- Escape, avoidance, and omission schedules -- Shock postponement -- Detection of response contingency -- Summary -- 7 Feeding regulation: a model motivational system -- Reinforcement and homeostasis -- Obesity and schedule performance: a static analysis -- The meaning of brain lesion experiments -- The effects of hypothalamic lesions on eating -- A regulatory model -- Finickiness -- Response to dilution of diet -- Weak defense of settling weight -- Improved defense of low settling weights -- Poor adaptation to work requirements -- Effects of taste and body weight on work schedules -- Other motivational effects -- Limitations of the linear model -- Human obesity -- Derivations -- Summary -- 8 The optimal allocation of behavior -- Time constraints and behavioral competition -- Rate and time measures -- The allocation of behavior -- Income and substitution effects -- Value, reinforcement, and Darwinian fitness -- Optimal allocation -- The minimum-distance model -- Prediction of response functions -- Bliss point and characteristic space -- Substitutability and indifference curves -- Marginal value and substitutability -- Experimental applications -- Reinforcement constraints -- Summary -- 9 Choice: dynamics and decision rules -- Real time: the cumulative record -- Choice dynamics and the law of effect. , Random-ratio choice -- Identical random ratios -- Concurrent variable-interval schedules -- Optimal choice -- Probability learning -- Delayed outcomes: "self-control" -- Temporal discounting -- Variable outcomes: risk -- Human choice, risk, and behavioral economics -- Matching and maximizing -- Marginal value and momentary maximizing -- Concurrent VI-VI -- Momentary maximizing -- Concurrent VI-VR -- Summary -- 10 Foraging and behavioral ecology -- Diet selection and functional response -- Functional response -- Diet choice -- Switching -- 1. Absolute density changes -- 2. Nonrandom spatial distribution -- 3. Changes in profitability with experience -- 4. Changes in effective density with experience -- Search image -- Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis -- Ecological implications -- Nutrient constraints and sampling -- Natural feedback functions -- Summary -- Appendix A10.1 -- The effect of prey density on prey risk -- Appendix A10.2 -- Switching and functional response -- Appendix A10.3 -- Foraging in a repleting food source -- 11 Stimulus control and cognition -- Discriminative and eliciting stimuli -- Stimulus equivalence and data structure -- Analog versus digital coding -- Psychophysics and similarity -- Measuring stimulus control -- Stimulus generalization -- Generalization gradients -- Compounding of elements -- Stimulus control and reinforcement: variation and attention -- Attention -- Attention to different dimensions -- Similarity -- Maps -- Multidimensional scaling -- Spatial representation as a data structure -- Summary -- 12 Stimulus control and performance -- Inhibitory and excitatory control -- Feature effects -- Behavioral contrast and discrimination performance -- Schedule-induced behavior -- Intertemporal effects -- Inhibitory generalization gradients -- Conjoint stimulus control and peak shift. , Historical Note: Spence's Theory of Transposition -- Transitive Inference -- Dynamic effects in multiple schedules -- Stimulus effects -- Summary -- 13 Molar laws -- Matching and optimality -- Matching and minimum distance -- Contrast and matching -- 1. Simple VI (single-response case) -- 2. Concurrent VI-VI (two-response case) -- 3. Multiple VI-VI -- Boyle and the molar law -- Historical review -- Resistance to change -- A continuous model -- Multiple VI-VI -- Multiple VI-VI-VT -- CPM Model: Conclusion -- Problems -- Summary -- 14 Time and memory, I -- Temporal control -- The reinforcement omission effect -- Excitatory and inhibitory temporal control -- Conditions for temporal control -- Timing and fixed-ratio schedules -- Characteristics of the time marker -- Overshadowing -- Conclusion: the discrimination of recency -- Time estimation -- Proaction and retroaction -- Summary -- 15 Time and memory, II -- Discrimination reversal and learning set -- Reversal learning in human infants -- The serial position effect (SPE) -- Learning set -- Learning dynamics -- Memory and spatial learning -- The radial-arm maze -- Radial-maze performance -- A two-part code -- Spatial code -- Temporal code -- Response Rule -- Spatial effects -- Temporal effects -- Other spatial situations -- The route finder -- Summary -- 16 Template learning -- Imprinting -- Song learning -- Summary -- 17 Learning, I -- Bees -- Learning as program assembly -- Reinforcement and learning -- Latent learning -- Inference -- Partial reinforcement -- Bayes' rule -- Taste-aversion learning -- Delay-of-reward gradient -- The order of learning -- What is learned? -- Surprise -- Methodology -- Expectation and classification -- Learning and classification -- Recognition and expectation -- Summary -- 18 Models of classical conditioning -- Inference and classical conditioning -- Contingency space. , Blocking -- Conditioning to novel tastes -- Latent inhibition -- Preexposure to the US -- Models for conditioning -- New learning model -- Conclusion: trial-level models -- Temporal variables -- 19 Learning, II -- Classical conditioning and the origins of operant behavior -- The "superstition" experiment -- Behavioral variation: the origins of operant behavior -- Inference, action, and operant conditioning -- Misbehavior -- Behavioral variation and sampling -- The guidance of action -- Initial state -- Selection rules -- Response-reinforcer contiguity -- Shaping -- Feedback function -- Schedule-induced behavior -- Conclusion: operant learning -- Summary -- 20 Learning, III: procedures -- Conditioned reinforcement -- Concurrent chained schedules -- On the virtues of optimality analysis -- Quasi-reinforcement -- Second-order schedules -- Conditioned emotional response -- Anxiety? -- Avoidance and escape -- Limits to variation: response-produced shock and "learned helplessness" -- Learned helplessness (LH) -- Sampling versus exploitation -- Extinction -- Summary -- 21 Comparative cognition -- Insight -- Fast mapping -- Metacognition -- The logic of metacognition -- Summary -- Index.

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-107-44290-7

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-107-08247-1

Language: English

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)

URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139998369

URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139998369