Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Format: 1 online resource (516 pages)

ISBN: 0-323-91139-0 , 9780323911351

Content: Energy Communities explores core potential systemic benefits and costs in engaging consumers into communities, particularly relating to energy transition. The book evaluates the conditions under which energy communities might be regarded as customer-centered, market-driven and welfare-enhancing. The book also reviews the issue of prevalence and sustainability of energy communities and whether these features are likely to change as opportunities for distributed energy grow. Sections cover the identification of welfare considerations for citizens and for society on a local and national level, and from social, economic and ecological perspectives, while also considering different community designs and evolving business models.

Note: Front Cover -- Energy Communities: Customer-Centered, Market-Driven,Welfare-Enhancing? -- Energy Communities: Customer-Centered, Market-Driven, Welfare-Enhancing? -- Copyright -- Contents -- Author biographies -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Part 1: The concept of energy communities and their regulatory framework -- Part 2: The appeal of energy communities to customers and citizens -- Part 3: Enabling technologies, community design, and business models -- References -- ONE - The concept of energy communities and their regulatory framework -- 1 - A taxonomy of energy communities in liberalized energy systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A heterogeneous set of collective actors -- 3. A taxonomy to inform policy and regulatory debates -- 4. Well-established energy communities -- 4.1 Joint purchasing groups and assistance providers -- 4.1.1 Business model description -- 4.1.2 Strengths and weaknesses -- 4.1.3 Policy and regulatory issues -- 4.2 Community energy producers and retailers -- 4.2.1 Business model description -- 4.2.2 Strengths and weaknesses -- 4.2.3 Policy and regulatory issues -- 4.3 Utility cooperatives -- 4.3.1 Description of the business model -- 4.3.2 Strengths and weaknesses -- 4.3.3 Policy and regulatory issues -- 5. New kids on the block -- 5.1 Energy sharing communities -- 5.1.1 Business model description -- 5.1.2 Strengths and weaknesses -- 5.1.3 Policy and regulatory issues -- 5.2 Shared mobility providers, community aggregators and microgrids -- 5.2.1 Business model description -- 5.2.2 Strengths and weaknesses -- 5.2.3 Policy and regulatory issues -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Bibliography -- 2 - The EU policy framework for energy communities -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Renewable Energy Directive -- 1.2 Electricity Directive -- 2. RECs versus CECs -- 2.1 Activities -- 2.2 Purpose -- 2.3 Participation -- 2.4 Energy sources. , 2.5 Control -- 2.6 Geographical scope -- 2.7 Rights and obligations -- 2.8 Possible forms of entity -- 2.9 Support schemes -- 2.10 Ownership of the electricity distribution network -- 3. Other relevant policy developments -- 4. Energy communities in European Member States -- 4.1 Belgium -- 4.2 Germany14 -- 4.3 Denmark17 -- 4.4 The Netherlands18 -- 4.5 Spain19 -- 4.6 Greece20 -- 5. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Further reading -- 3 - Energy communities: a U.S. regulatory perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The regulator, the legislator, and the North American regulatory policy framework -- 3. Evaluating EC entry in already served markets -- 4. Can ECs be "market driven" and "welfare enhancing"? -- 4.1 Market driven? -- 4.2 Welfare enhancing? -- 5. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 4 - Developing a legal framework for energy communities beyond energy law -- 1. Introduction -- 2. EU law on the purpose of energy communities -- 3. The energy community "Schoonschip" in Amsterdam -- 4. In search of novel legislation for energy communities -- 4.1 The experimentation decree for decentralized sustainable electricity production -- 4.2 Experiences with the "experimentation decree": insights from "Schoonschip" -- 5. The way forward: transposing EU law on energy communities in the Netherlands -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- 5 - Alignment of energy community incentives with electricity system benefits in Spain -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analytical framework -- 3. Current legislation -- 3.1 Preparation for the transposition of EU legislation -- 3.2 Energy communities today: collective self-consumption and coops -- 4. Factors potentially favoring alignment -- 4.1 Improving competitive pressures on the system -- 4.2 Incentives to reduce costs of the existing system -- 4.3 Incentives to reduce costs of the future system. , 4.4 Incentives to reduce total system carbon emissions -- 4.5 Other beneficial effects -- 5. Factors that potentially do not favor alignment -- 5.1 Incentives that raise system costs and shift them to nonmembers of EC -- 5.2 Incentives to reduce contracted capacity may shift costs to nonmembers -- 5.3 Arbitrage between export and import prices -- 5.4 Implicit subsidies -- 5.5 Market design and governance -- 6. Assessment and recommendations -- 6.1 Assessment -- 6.2 Recommendations -- Bibliography -- 6 - The "virtual" model for collective self-consumption in Italy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Legislative and regulatory framework -- 2.1 European framework -- 2.2 New legislative framework in Italy -- 3. The Italian pilot regulation for collective self-consumption -- 4. Conclusions -- Annex A -- Valuation of self-consumed electricity: the case of jointly acting renewable self-consumers -- Valuation of self-consumed electricity: the case of renewable energy communities -- Bibliography -- 7 - Energy communities: a North American perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What is an energy community? -- 3. Energy communities in North America -- 3.1 Energy cooperatives -- 3.2 Community collective generation -- 3.3 Third-party sponsored communities -- 3.4 Community energy service companies -- 3.5 Community flexible aggregation -- 3.6 Prosumer communities/local energy markets -- 3.7 E-mobility cooperatives -- 3.8 Intentional communities and ecovillages -- 3.9 Observations on energy communities in North America -- 4. The North American policy landscape -- 4.1 Overview of policy initiatives -- 4.2 Metering and tariffs -- 5. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Further reading -- 8 - Energy communities: challenges for regulators and policymakers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preliminaries -- 2.1 The definition of an energy community. , 2.2 Price differences as the driver of energy communities -- 2.2.1 Example 1: simple two-member community -- 2.2.2 Example 2: simple three-member community -- 3. Regulatory challenges arising from energy communities -- 3.1 Energy communities tend to amplify the impact of inefficient retail tariffs -- 3.2 Energy communities undermine typical distribution network pricing schemes -- 3.3 Energy communities undermine efficient handling of local network congestion -- 4. Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Two - The appeal of energy communities to customers and citizens -- 9 - What motivates private households to participate in energy communities? A literature review and German case study -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preferences for energy communities identified in the scientific literature -- 3. Preferences for energy communities identified in a German case study -- 4. Motivations to participate in energy communities -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 10 - Community energy initiatives as a space for emerging imaginaries? Experiences from Switzerland -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Swiss context -- 2.1 The Swiss electricity system -- 2.2 Community energy in Switzerland -- 3. Applying the concept of sociotechnical imaginary to Swiss community energy initiatives -- 4. Evidence of emerging sociotechnical imaginaries -- 4.1 Aspirations of Swiss community energy initiatives -- 4.2 Performances of Swiss community energy initiatives -- 5. Reflecting on community energy from a sociotechnical imaginaries perspective -- 6. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 11 - The construction of a citizen-centered ecosystem for renewable energies in France -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background to Enercoop and Enercoop Languedoc Roussillon -- 3. The Enercoop Languedoc Roussillon ecosystem: linking and empowering energy communities based on citizens' collectives. , 4. The main organizing alternative characteristics of the ELR ecosystem -- 4.1 A geographical coherence at national, regional, and local levels -- 4.2 A multisectoral coherence insured by cooperation values -- 5. Recommendations for building an alternative renewable energy ecosystem -- 5.1 Pillar 1: a shared definition of the transition supported by a national scenario -- 5.2 Pillar 2: public and private funding dedicated to renewable energy ecosystems -- 5.3 Pillar 3: promoting knowledge transfer about renewable energies to citizens -- 6. Conclusion: the appeal of energy communities to citizens -- Bibliography -- 12 - Energy communities' social role in a just energy transition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Toward democratizing energy-energy communities' social role -- 3. The energy justice framework -- 3.1 Energy justice in energy communities -- 3.2 Membership prerequisites and energy justice -- 4. Toward energy justice in energy communities -- 5. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Three - Enabling technologies, community design, and business models -- 13 - The digitalization of peer-to-peer electricity trading in energy communities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Digital enablers for energy communities -- 2.1 Local energy community -- 2.2 LEC smart metering -- 2.3 LEC energy management system -- 2.4 Technologies for the smart energy ecosystem -- 3. Distributed ledger technologies in P2P energy markets -- 4. Local energy markets for energy communities -- 5. LEC case study -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 14 - Enabling business models and grid stability: case studies from Germany -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Levels of coordination within distributed energy systems: basis for energy communities? -- 2.1 End customers and neighborhoods. , 2.2 Expanding the cellular boundaries: communal EMS, virtual power plants, and transregional aggregators.

Additional Edition: ISBN 978-0-323-91135-1

Additional Edition: Print version: Lobbe, Sabine Energy Communities San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology,c2022

Language: English