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Format: 1 online resource (1120 pages)

Edition: 3rd ed.

ISBN: 0-323-99131-9

Note: Intro -- Infection and Autoimmunity -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Infection and Autoimmunity - An Introductory Note -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Autoimmunity Versus Autoimmune Disease -- 3. An Animal Model-Based Theory -- 4. The Example of COVID-19 -- 5. The Example of Acute Rheumatic Fever -- 6. The Example of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Part 1: Mechanisms in Infections and Autoimmunity -- Chapter 2: Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity in a Glance -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Common Infectious Agents and Their Role in Setting Autoimmune Disorders -- 2.1. Viruses -- 2.2. Bacteria -- 2.3. Parasites -- 3. Vice Versa - Autoimmune Diseases and Implicated Pathogens -- 3.1. Neuro-Autoimmune Diseases -- 3.2. Endocrinological Autoimmune Diseases -- 4. Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases -- References -- Chapter 3: Perspectives on Molecular Mimicry Between Human, SARS-CoV-2, and Plasmodium Species Through a Probabil -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Identification of Similar or the Same Human and SARS-CoV-2 Peptide Sequence Pairs -- 3. HLA Binding Strength Predictions -- 4. Discussion Through a Probabilistic and Evolutionary Insight -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Molecular Mimicry Study Between Peptides of SARS-CoV-2 and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps-Related Proteins -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Identification of Human and SARS-CoV-2 Sequence Pairs -- 1.2. HLA Binding Strength Predictions of Selected Sequence Pairs -- 2. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Epitope Spreading in Autoimmune Diseases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Examples of Epitope Spreading in Autoimmune Diseases -- 2.1. Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis -- 2.2. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or Type 1 Diabetes -- 2.3. Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 2.4. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- 2.5. Other Autoimmune Diseases. , 2.6. Epitope Spreading Unrelated to the Disease Process or No Spreading During the Disease Course -- 3. Mechanisms Underlying Epitope Spreading During the Course of an Autoimmune Disease -- 3.1. Release of Self-Antigens and Their Processing and Presentation Following Tissue Damage in the Course of a Microbial ... -- 3.2. The Generation of Neo-epitopes via Post-Translational Modification of Antigens and Other Mechanisms -- 3.3. Upregulation of the Display of Cryptic/Sub-Dominant Epitopes Within a Self-Antigen Under Inflammatory Conditions -- 3.4. The Frequency and Avidity of Epitope-Specific Precursor T Cells Within the Mature T-Cell Repertoire Favoring Respons ... -- 3.5. Presentation of Self-Antigens/Epitopes by the B Cells and T Cell-B Cell Interaction -- 3.6. The Influence of Antigen-Bound Antibodies on the Processing and Presentation of T-Cell Epitopes Within That Antigen -- 3.7. Antigen Cross-Presentation to Activate CD8 T Cells and Epitope Spreading -- 3.8. Site of Initiation of Epitope Spreading: Target Organ Versus Periphery -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Infections and B1 Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Characteristics of B1 Cells -- 2.1. Ontogeny -- 2.2. B1-Cell Distribution -- 2.3. B1 Cells Produce Self- and Poly-Reactivity -- 2.4. B1 Cells and Antigen Presentation -- 3. CD5 Molecule -- 3.1. CD5 Gene and Transcripts -- 3.2. CD5 Expression Regulation -- 3.3. CD5 Functions -- 3.3.1. CD5 Controls BCR Signaling -- 3.3.2. CD5 Controls IL-10 Production and Anergy -- 3.3.3. Regulatory B Cells -- 4. B1 Cells and Disease -- 4.1. CD5+/B1a and Infectious States -- 4.2. CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD5(+/-)/B1 and Infectious States -- 4.3. CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(+)IL-10 Regulatory B10 and Infectious States -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibodies and Autoimmune Diseases. , 1. Crohns Disease -- 2. Behcets Disease -- 3. Celiac Disease -- 4. Ankylosing Spondylitis -- 5. Autoimmune Liver Diseases -- 6. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Anti-phospholipid Syndrome -- 7. Other Autoimmune Diseases -- References -- Chapter 8: Lymphocytes and Infection in Autoimmune Diseases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lymphocytes and Their Subsets in Autoimmune Diseases -- 2.1. T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases -- 2.2. B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases -- 2.3. Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases -- 2.4. NKT Cells -- 3. Lymphocyte Subsets and Infection in Autoimmune Diseases -- 4. Causes of Lymphopenia in Autoimmune Diseases -- 4.1. Autoimmune Diseases -- 4.2. Inborn Errors of Immunity/Primary Immunodeficiencies -- 4.3. Infections -- 4.4. Immunosuppressive Therapy and Other Drugs -- 4.4.1. Conventional Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs -- 4.4.1.1. Steroids -- 4.4.1.2. Methotrexate -- 4.4.1.3. Thiopurines (Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine) -- 4.4.1.4. Mycophenolate Mofetil -- 4.4.1.5. Leflunomide -- 4.4.1.6. Anti-Calcineurin Agents -- 4.4.1.7. Cyclophosphamide -- 4.4.1.8. Hydroxychloroquine -- 4.4.1.9. Sulfasalazine and Mesalamine -- 4.4.2. Targeted Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs -- 4.4.2.1. JAK Inhibitors -- 4.4.2.2. Inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase 4 -- 4.4.3. Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs -- 4.4.3.1. Immunoglobulins -- 4.4.3.2. Anti-TNF Biologics -- 4.4.3.3. Anti-Cytokines Non-TNF Biologics -- 4.4.3.4. T and B Cells Targeting Drugs -- Anti-CD20 -- Anti-CTLA4 -- 4.4.4. MS Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs -- 4.4.4.1. Immunomodulation -- Glatiramer Acetate -- Interferons -- Dimethyl Fumarate -- 4.4.4.2. Targeting Lymphocyte Proliferation -- Teriflunomide -- 4.4.4.3. Targeting Lymphocyte Migration -- Shingoine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulation: Fingolimod -- α-Integrin Inhibitors: Natalizumab. , 4.4.4.4. Lysis of Specific Lymphocytes Subsets -- Ocrelizumab and Ofatumumab -- Alemtuzumab -- Cladribine -- 5. Preventing Infection in Lymphopenic Autoimmune Patients -- 5.1. Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus -- 5.2. John Cunningham Virus -- 5.3. Herpes Virus Infection -- 5.3.1. Cytomegalovirus -- 5.3.2. Herpes Simplex 1 and 2 Viruses (HSV 1-2) -- 5.3.3. Varicella-Zoster Virus -- 5.4. Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia -- 5.5. Listeria-Associated Infections -- 5.6. Vitamin D -- 5.7. General Approach -- References -- Chapter 9: Infections and Endothelial Cell Autoreactivity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodological Approaches and Pitfalls in AECA Detection -- 2.1. Methodological Approaches -- 2.2. Pitfalls -- 2.3. Ongoing Strategies -- 3. AECA and Infections -- 3.1. Viral Infections -- 3.2. Bacterial Infections -- 3.3. Parasitic Infections -- 4. Pathogenic Effects of AECA: Lessons From Autoimmune Diseases -- 4.1. EC Colonization -- 4.2. Molecular Mimicry -- 4.3. Neutralizing AECA -- 5. The Targets of AECA in Infectious Diseases -- 5.1. Heat Shock Protein Autoantibodies -- 5.2. Alpha-Enolase, Vimentin -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Infection and Inflammation: A Double-Edged Sword -- 1. Introduction -- 2. COVID-19 -- 2.1. The Diverse Clinical Course of the Disease -- 2.2. The Complex Inflammatory Response to COVID-19 -- 3. Shigellosis -- 3.1. Neurologic Manifestations of Shigellosis -- 3.2. Inflammatory Response to Shigella in Humans and in a Mouse Model -- 4. Host Inflammatory Response as an Aid in Diagnosis -- 4.1. Acute Infection: Bacterial or Viral? -- 4.2. Host Inflammatory Response as an Aid to Distinguish Between Bacterial and Viral Infections -- 4.3. ``Host-Protein Signature to Infection´´ -- References -- Chapter 11: Infection, Autoimmunity, and Vitamin D -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vitamin D and Immunity. , 2.1. Vitamin D and the Innate Immune System -- 2.2. Dendritic Cells and Vitamin D -- 2.3. Vitamin D and Adaptive Immunity -- 3. Infection and Vitamin D -- 3.1. Tuberculosis -- 3.2. Leprosy (Hansens Disease) -- 3.3. Respiratory Infections -- 3.4. Urinary Infections -- 3.5. Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 3.6. SARS-CoV-2 -- 4. Vitamin D and Autoimmunity -- 5. Vitamin D and Autoimmune Diseases -- 5.1. Vitamin D Deficiency and Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 5.2. Vitamin D Deficiency and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- 5.3. Vitamin D Deficiency and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -- 5.4. Vitamin D Deficiency and Multiple Sclerosis -- 5.5. Vitamin D and Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- 5.6. Vitamin D Deficiency and Autoimmune Hashimotos Thyroiditis -- 5.7. Vitamin D Deficiency and Systemic Sclerosis -- 6. Optimal Levels of 25(OH)D3 -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Seasonality and Autoimmunity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Seasonality and Immune System -- 3. Seasonality, Infections, and Autoimmunity -- 4. Vitamin D, Sun Exposure, and Autoimmunity -- 5. Melatonin, Seasonality, and Immune System -- 6. Seasonality in Autoimmune Diseases - Infectious Agents, Vitamin D, and Melatonin -- 6.1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -- 6.2. Multiple Sclerosis -- 6.3. Narcolepsy -- 6.4. Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders -- 6.5. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- 6.6. Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 6.7. Spondyloarthritis and Uveitis -- 6.8. Juvenile Arthritis -- 6.9. Rheumatic Fever and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections -- 6.10. Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Temporal Arteritis -- 6.11. Myositis -- 6.12. IBD and Celiac Disease -- 6.13. Cutaneous Diseases -- 6.14. Allergy -- 6.15. Seasonal Affective Disorder -- 7. Conclusion -- Further Reading -- Part 2: Viruses and Autoimmunity. , Chapter 13: Autoimmunity on the Rise: COVID-19 as a Trigger of Autoimmunity.

Additional Edition: Print version: Shoenfeld, Yehuda Infection and Autoimmunity San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology,c2023 ISBN 9780323991308

Language: English