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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 516 Seiten) , Diagramme

ISBN: 9780192594198

Content: Economic Inequality and Poverty examines how methods for measuring inequality and poverty have evolved. Kakwani and Son draw on household surveys to demonstate a framework based on economic variables that can be applied to draw up evidence-based policies

Note: Cover -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and Limitations -- 1.2 Theories of Size Distribution of Income: A Brief Review -- 1.3 Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 1.4 Social Welfare Ranking of Income Distribution -- 1.5 Measures of Income Inequality -- 1.6 Identification of the Poor -- 1.7 Aggregate Poverty Measures -- 1.8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 1.9 Relationships among the Distributions of Economic Variables -- 1.10 Application of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 1.11 Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 1.12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effects -- 1.13 Negative Income Tax Plans -- 1.14 Social Welfare Programs -- 1.15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 1.16 Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 1.17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 1.18 Pro-Poor Growth and Poverty Reduction -- 1.19 Summarizing the Main Contributions of the Book -- 2 Income Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Income Distribution Functions -- 2.3 Normal Distribution -- 2.4 The Pareto Law -- 2.5 Generation of Income Distribution: Champernowne's Model -- 2.6 The Pareto-Levy Law -- 2.7 Family of Distribution Functions Satisfying the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.8 Champernowne's Distribution -- 2.9 Laws of Income Distribution Violating the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.10 Concluding Remarks -- 3 The Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definition of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.3 Lorenz Curve for Well-Known Distribution Functions -- 3.4 Direct Approaches to Specifying the Lorenz Curve -- 3.5 Some Useful Lemmas -- 3.6 Symmetric Lorenz Curve -- 3.7 Economic Development and Skewness of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.8 Intercountry Comparison of Skewness of Lorenz Curve -- 3.9 Relative and Absolute Inequality , 3.10 Variants of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.11 Comparison of Inequality: China versus India -- 3.12 Concluding Remarks -- 4 Welfare Ranking of Income Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Some Useful Definitions -- 4.3 Individual Welfare -- 4.4 Social Welfare Function -- 4.5 Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.6 Atkinson's Theorem -- 4.7 Generalized Lorenz Curve -- 4.8 Welfare Ranking and Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.9 Some Implications of the Theorems -- 4.10 Abba Lerner's Probabilistic Social Welfare Functions -- 4.11 A Further Generalization of the Theorems -- 4.12 Stochastic Dominance -- 4.13 An Illustration Using Lao PDR Data -- 4.14 Concluding Remarks -- 5 Measurement of Income Inequality -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Axioms of Inequality Comparison -- 5.3 Gini Index and Relative Mean Difference -- 5.4 Information Measures of Inequality -- 5.5 Discomposability and Subgroup Consistency -- 5.6 Normative Measures of Inequality -- 5.7 Atkinson's Inequality Measures -- 5.8 General Social Welfare Framework for Income Inequality -- 5.9 Social Welfare Implications of the Gini Index -- 5.10 Is the Gini Index Decomposable and Subgroup Consistent? -- 5.11 Generalized Gini Index -- 5.12 Trends in Inequality in China -- 5.13 Polarization -- 5.14 Size and Share of the Middle Class in China -- 5.15 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Specifying Poverty Lines -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Absolute versus Relative Poverty Lines -- 6.3 A New Model of Specifying Absolute Poverty Thresholds -- 6.4 Food Poverty Line -- 6.5 Non-Food Poverty Line -- 6.6 Economies of Scale in Non-food Expenditure -- 6.7 Updating the Poverty Line -- 6.8 Development of Poverty Lines for Pakistan: A Case Study -- 6.9 International Poverty Line -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Poverty Measures -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Head-Count Ratio: A Popular Measure of Poverty -- 7.3 Poverty Gap Ratio , 7.4 A Social Welfare Framework of Poverty Measures -- 7.5 Sen's Relative Poverty Measure -- 7.6 Sen's Absolute Measure of Poverty -- 7.7 Variants of Sen's Poverty Measures -- 7.8 Troublesome Axiom of Income Transfers -- 7.9 Monotonicity and Transfer-Sensitivity Axioms -- 7.10 A General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.11 Particular Cases of the General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.12 Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.13 Particular Cases of the General Utilitarian Poverty Measures -- 7.14 Total Social Cost of Poverty (TSCP) for Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.15 Decomposable Poverty Indices and Subgroup Consistency -- 7.16 Decomposability of Sen's Generalized Poverty Measures -- 7.17 Application to China, 1988-2018 -- 7.18 Concluding Remarks -- 8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Unresolved Issues -- 8.3 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index -- 8.4 An Alternative Approach to Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.5 Union or Interaction Approaches to Identifying the Poor -- 8.6 A New Method of Measuring Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.7 Multidimensional Poverty in Brazilian Municipalities: A Case Study -- 8.8 Concluding Remarks -- 9 Concentration Curves -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Derivation of Concentration Curves -- 9.3 The Concentration Curve for Well-Known Income Distributions -- 9.4 Relationships between Elasticity and Concentration Curves -- 9.5 Concentration Index of a Function -- 9.6 Relative Concentration Curve and Index -- 9.7 Generalization of Social Welfare Functions -- 9.8 Aggregate Elasticity -- 9.9 Concluding Remarks -- 10 Applications of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Engel Curve -- 10.3 Consumption and Saving Functions -- 10.4 The Stiglitz Model of Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals -- 10.5 Employment-Growth Elasticity , 10.6 Application of Employment-Growth Elasticity to Brazil -- 10.7 Income Inequality by Factor Components -- 10.8 A Dynamic Decomposition of Inequality -- 10.9 Inequity in Opportunity -- 10.10 Opportunities in Education and Health in Indonesia -- 10.11 Concluding Remarks -- 11 Tax Progressivity and Redistribution Effect of Taxes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Equity Axioms -- 11.3 Linkage between Tax Elasticity and Equity Axioms -- 11.4 Four Alternative Definitions of Tax Progressivity -- 11.5 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 11.6 The Kakwani Index of Tax Progressivity and Its Variants -- 11.7 A Tax Progressivity Decomposition -- 11.8 The Suits Tax Progressivity Measure -- 11.9 Horizontal and Vertical Equity -- 11.10 A Hypothetical Example -- 11.11 Violation of Equity Axioms -- 11.12 An International Comparison of Inequities in Taxation -- 11.13 Income Tax Discrimination -- 11.14 Is There Discrimination in Australian Income Tax? -- 11.15 Relief Package in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic -- 11.16 An Illustration of Welfare Loss Due to DiscriminationUsing Brazilian Data -- 11.17 Concluding Remarks -- 12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.3 Additive Separable and Rank Order Social Welfare Functions -- 12.4 Horizontal Inequity and Rank Change -- 12.5 Social Welfare Framework for Measuring Tax Progressivity -- 12.6 Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 12.7 A General Class of the Gini Social Welfare Functions -- 12.8 A Class of Atkinson and Kolm Social Welfare Functions -- 12.9 Welfare Interpretation of Suits' Measure of Tax Progressivity -- 12.10 A New Progressivity Index Based on the BonferroniSocial Welfare Function -- 12.11 International Comparison of Tax Progressivity -- 12.12 Concluding Remarks -- 13 Negative Income Tax Plans , 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A General Framework of Income Tax Plans -- 13.3 Alternative Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.4 Progressivity of Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.5 Redistributive Impacts of Negative Income Tax -- 13.6 A Numerical Illustration Using US data -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- 14 Targeting Tools to Evaluate Social Programs -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Targeting Indicators -- 14.3 Poverty Status and Selection of Beneficiaries -- 14.4 Beneficiary Incidence -- 14.5 Benefit Incidence -- 14.6 Universal Basic Income (UBI) -- 14.7 Perfect Targeting -- 14.8 The Social Rate of Return (SRR) -- 14.9 Operationalizing Social Rate of Return -- 14.10 China's Dibao Program -- 14.11 Evaluation Methodology -- 14.12 Evaluation of the Dibao, 2013 -- 14.13 Impact of the Dibao on Poverty Reduction -- 14.14 Social Rate of Return for the Dibao -- 14.15 Concluding Remarks -- 15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Individual Price Indices -- 15.3 Social Price Indices -- 15.4 Social Expenditure Function -- 15.5 Class of Atkinson's Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.6 Class of Interdependent Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.7 Impact of Price Change on Inequality -- 15.8 Social Price Indices: A Case Study of Thailand -- 15.9 A Comparison with South Korea -- 15.10 Concluding Remarks -- 16 Poverty Price Indices -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Price Elasticity of Individual Money Metric Utility -- 16.3 Price Elasticity of Poverty -- 16.4 Measuring the Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 16.5 Price Index for the Poor -- 16.6 A Case Study for Brazil -- 16.7 Concluding Remarks -- 17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Three Alternative Measures of Economic Growth -- 17.3 Growth Elasticity of Poverty: Cross-Country Regressions -- 17.4 Linkage between Poverty, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality: A Non-Parametric Approach , 17.5 Growth Elasticity of Poverty Measures

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Kakwani, Nanak Economic Inequality and Poverty Oxford : Oxford University Press, Incorporated,c2022 ISBN 978-0-19-885284-1

Language: English

Subjects: Economics

Keywords: Armut ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit

DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198852841.001.0001

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

URL: lizenzpflichtig

Author information: Kakwani, Nanak 1940-