Format:
1 online resource (333 pages)
ISBN:
9783737605519
Series Statement:
Wasser, Abwasser, Umwelt v.41
Content:
Front cover -- Titlepage -- Imprint -- Acknowledgements -- Abstract -- Zusammenfassung -- Content -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Photos -- Abbreviations -- 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT -- 2. OBJECTIVES, APPROACH AND STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH -- 2.1. Research objectives -- 2.1.1. Overall objective -- 2.1.2. Specific objectives -- 2.2. Approach and structure of the research -- 2.2.1. Experiences with PAUL in Colombia -- 2.2.2. Small-scale systems based on ULP-UF, case study Colombia -- 3. LITERATURE REVIEW -- 3.1. Water supply in rural areas of Colombia -- 3.2. Membrane filtration operating modes and structural shapes -- 3.2.1. Operating modes -- 3.2.2. Structural shapes -- 3.3. Ultra-Low Pressure Ultrafiltration (ULP-UF) for drinking watertreatment -- 3.4. Rural applications of Ultrafiltration -- 3.5. Membrane fouling -- 3.5.1. Introduction -- 3.5.2. Definition -- 3.5.3. Mechanisms of membrane fouling -- 3.5.4. Classification of membrane fouling -- 3.5.4.1 Organic and inorganic colloidal/particles' fouling -- 3.5.4.2 Biofouling -- 3.5.4.3 Organic fouling -- 3.5.5. Classification of NOM -- 3.5.5.1 Non-humic substances -- 3.5.5.2 Humic substances -- 3.5.5.3 Classification of NOM by hydrophibility -- 3.5.5.4 Specific classification of humic substances -- 3.5.6. Fouling control -- 3.5.6.1 Fouling control by pre-treatment techniques -- 3.5.6.2 Fouling control by operational strategies -- 3.5.6.3 Fouling control by cleaning procedures -- 3.5.7. Membrane cleaning -- 3.6. Suitable pre- and post-treatments for ULP-UF in remote and rural areas -- 3.6.1. Introduction -- 3.6.2. Membrane pre-filtration -- 3.6.3. Granular media filtration -- 3.6.3.1 Rapid filtration -- 3.6.3.2 Biofiltration -- 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 4.1. Materials -- 4.1.1. Waterbackpack PAUL -- 4.1.2. UF membrane modules -- 4.1.3. Feed water.
Content:
4.1.3.1 Raw water for field testing in Colombia -- 4.1.3.2 Raw water for experimental setup of pilot plants in Kassel -- 4.1.4. Materials used on each pre- and post-treatment stages -- 4.1.4.1 Pilot plant 1 -- 4.1.4.2 Pilot plant 2 -- 4.2. Methods -- 4.2.1. Setup of PAUL in Colombia -- 4.2.1.1 Selected settlements -- 4.2.1.2 Community training and empowerment -- 4.2.1.3 Follow-up -- 4.2.2. Experimental setup of pilot plants based on ULP-UF -- 4.2.2.1 Raw water intake system and storage tank -- 4.2.2.2 Pilot plant 1 -- 4.2.2.3 Pilot plant 2 -- 4.2.3. Experimental phases of pilot plants based on ULP-UF -- 4.2.3.1 Phase I and II -- 4.2.3.2 Phase III -- 4.2.3.3 Membrane cleaning -- 4.2.4. Sampling and preservation -- 4.2.4.1 Sampling -- 4.2.4.2 Preservation of samples -- 4.2.5. Analytical methods -- 4.2.5.1 pH and temperature -- 4.2.5.2 Turbidity -- 4.2.5.3 Dissolved oxygen -- 4.2.5.4 Organic matter characterisation -- 4.2.5.5 Microbiological water parameters -- 4.3. Calculations -- 4.3.1. Rejection -- 4.3.2. Log removal -- 4.3.3. Trans-membrane pressure -- 4.3.4. Specific Flux -- 4.3.5. Statistical methods -- 4.3.5.1 Standard deviation -- 4.3.5.2 Kruskal-Wallis test -- 5. FIELD TEST OF PAUL IN RURAL AREAS OF COLOMBIA -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Approach -- 5.2.1. Setting up the PAUL in Colombia -- 5.2.2. Selection of rural settlements -- 5.2.3. Transfer of technology and Follow-up -- 5.3. Objectives and outcomes -- 5.4. Location of study area -- 5.5. Study area and description of selected communities -- 5.5.1. Rutemana, La Guajira -- 5.5.1.1 General description -- 5.5.1.2 Water issues -- 5.5.1.3 Rutemana community -- 5.5.2. Silvania, Cundinamarca -- 5.5.2.1 General description -- 5.5.2.2 Water issues -- 5.5.2.3 Yayata-La Villas community -- 5.5.3. El Tajo, Santander de Quilichao, Cauca -- 5.5.3.1 General description -- 5.5.3.2 Water issues
Content:
5.5.3.3 El Tajo community -- 5.5.4. El Encano, Nariño -- 5.5.4.1 General description -- 5.5.4.2 Water issues -- 5.5.4.3 El Encano community -- 5.6. Results and discussion -- 5.6.1. Water quality improvement -- 5.6.2. Water quantity -- 5.6.3. Operational and maintenance conditions -- 5.6.4. Adaptation of a PAUL for small-scale water supply systems -- 5.6.4.1 Feedback -- 5.6.4.2 Improvement of PAUL -- 5.6.5. Effect of PAUL in selected communities -- 5.7. Summary of the discussion -- 6. PILOT PLANT 1: ANTHRACITE - ULP-UF - GAC -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Objectives -- 6.3. Experimental design and conception of pilot plant 1 -- 6.3.1. Experimental design -- 6.3.2. Conception of pilot plant 1 -- 6.3.2.1 Anthracite filter -- 6.3.2.2 Ultrafiltration -- 6.3.2.3 Granular activated carbon filter -- 6.3.3. Operational and maintenance conditions -- 6.4. Results and discussions -- 6.4.1. Influence of anthracite as pre-treatment -- 6.4.1.1 Turbidity removal efficiency -- 6.4.1.2 Turbidity removal efficiency through the anthracite column -- 6.4.1.3 Turbidity removal efficiency through the GAC column -- 6.4.1.4 Backflushing procedure on anthracite filter -- 6.4.2. Hydraulic performance in long-term continuous operation -- 6.4.2.1 Operation of the anthracite and the GAC filter -- 6.4.2.2 Effect of anthracite as single pre-treatment of ULP-UF -- 6.4.2.3 Effect of anthracite and GAC as pre-treatments for ULP-UF -- 6.4.2.4 Influence of NOM of raw water on the flux stabilisation -- 6.4.2.5 Membrane cleaning during long-term continuous operation -- 6.4.3. Removal of NOM in pilot plant 1 -- 6.4.3.1 TOC & DOC removal in pilot plant 1 -- 6.4.3.2 DOC removal through the GAC filter -- 6.4.3.3 UV254nm and SUVA -- 6.4.3.4 LC-OCD -- 6.4.4. Pathogen removal on pilot plant 1 -- 6.4.4.1 Bacteria removal through treatment steps of pilot plant 1
Content:
6.4.4.2 Logarithmic removal value - LRV in pilot plant 1 -- 6.5. Summary of the discussion -- 7. PILOT PLANT 2: UGF - SSF - ULP-UF -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Objectives -- 7.3. Experimental design and conception of pilot plant 2 -- 7.3.1. Experimental design -- 7.3.2. Conception of pilot plant 2 -- 7.3.2.1 Up-flow roughing gravel filters -- 7.3.2.2 Slow sand filters -- 7.3.2.3 Ultrafiltration -- 7.3.3. Operational and maintenance conditions -- 7.4. Results and discussions -- 7.4.1. Influence of UGF and SSF as pre-treatment for ULP-UF -- 7.4.1.1 Turbidity removal efficiency of pilot plant 2 -- 7.4.1.2 Turbidity removal of UGFs over filter bed depth -- 7.4.1.3 Cleaning procedures in UGF -- 7.4.2. Hydraulic performance in long-term continuous operation -- 7.4.2.1 Operation of UGF and SSF filters -- 7.4.2.2 Effect of UGF and SSF as pre-treatment of ULP-UF -- 7.4.2.3 Effect of filtration velocity of the SSF on the flux stabilisation during dead-end operation of the ULP-UF system -- 7.4.2.4 Influence of NOM of raw water on the flux stabilisation -- 7.4.2.5 Membrane cleaning during long-term continuous operation -- 7.4.3. Removal of NOM in pilot plant 2 -- 7.4.3.1 TOC & DOC removal in pilot plant 2 -- 7.4.3.2 UV254nm and SUVA -- 7.4.3.3 LC-OCD -- 7.4.4. Pathogen removal on pilot plant 2 -- 7.4.4.1 Bacteria removal through treatment steps of pilot plant 2 -- 7.4.4.2 Logarithmic removal value - LRV in pilot plant 2 -- 7.5. Summary of the discussion -- 8. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 8.1. Water supply with ULP-UF in remote and rural areas ofColombia -- 8.2. Pre- and post-treatments easily adapted to the ULP-UF -- 8.2.1. Pilot plant 1 -- 8.2.2. Pilot plant 2 -- 8.2.3. Pilot plant 3 -- 8.3. Miscellaneous -- 9. REFERENCES -- 10. APPENDICES -- Appendix A. Water quality analysis results during field-testing of PAUL in Colombia
Content:
Appendix B. Water flux measurements during field-testing of PAULin Colombia -- Appendix C. Water quality during experimental phases in Kassel -- Appendix D. Test of FM10 module with membrane sheet of Membrana GmbH -- Appendix E. Formats to collect experimental data in situ -- Appendix F. Summary of the Colombian Ordinance in water quality for human consume - adapted from Resolution No. 2115 of 2007 -- Appendix G. Water quality of 15 water wells supervised by the FCAG in La Guajira -- Appendix H. LC-OCD chromatograms identifying the DOC fractions of water in pilot plant 1 -- Appendix I. LC-OCD chromatograms identifying the DOC fractions of water in pilot plant 2 -- Appendix J. LC-OCD chromatograms identifying the DOC fractions of water in pilot plant 3 -- Appendix K. Box plot diagram of turbidity removal on pilot plant 2 - phase I to III -- Appendix L. Box plot diagram for removal of bacteria on pilot plant 2 - phase I to III -- Verzeichnis der Schriftenreihe WASSER ABWASSER UMWELT -- Back cover
Note:
Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
Additional Edition:
ISBN 9783737605502
Additional Edition:
Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9783737605502
Language:
English
URL:
Volltext
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