Format:
XXVI, 352 S. : graph. Darst.
Edition:
Reprint.
ISBN:
0582067014
Series Statement:
Longman geochemistry series
Note:
MAB0014.001: AWI G6-95-0127
,
Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Glossary. - G.1 Abbreviations of mineral names used in the text. - G.2 Other abbreviations and symbols used in the text. - 1 Geochemical data. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Geological processes and their geochemical signatures. - 1.2.1 Processes which control the chemical composition of igneous rocks. - 1.2.2 Processes which control the chemical composition of sedimentary rocks. - 1.2.3 Processes which control the chemical composition of metamorphic rocks. - 1.3 Geological controls on geochemical data. - 1.4 Analytical methods in geochemistry. - 1.4.1 X-ray fluorescence (XRF). - 1.4.2 Neutron activation analysis (INAA and RNAA). - 1.4.3 lnductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). - 1.4.4 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). - 1.4.5 Mass spectrometry. - Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). - lnductively coupled plasma emission mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). - Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS). - 1.4.6 Electron microprobe analysis. - 1.4.7 The ion microprobe. - 1.5 Selecting an appropriate analytical technique. - 1.6 Sources of error in geochemical analysis. - 1.6.1 Cantamination. - 1.6.2 CaIibration. - 1.6.3 Peak overlap. - 1.6.4 Detecting errors in geochemical data. - 2 Analysing geochemical data. - 2.1 lntroduction. - 2.2 Averages. - 2.3 Correlation. - 2.3.1 The correlation coefficient. - 2.3.2 The significance of the correlation coefficient (r). - 2.3.3 Assumptions in the calculation of the product-moment coefficient of correlation. - 2.3.4 Spearman rank correlation. - 2.3.5 Correlation matrices. - 2.3.6 Correlation coefficient patterns. - 2.4 Regression. - 2.4.1 Ordinary least squares regression. - 2.4.2 Reduced major axis regression. - 2.4.3 Weighted least squares regression. - 2.4.4 Robust regression. - 2.4.5 Some problems with traditional approaches to correlation and regression. - 2.5 Ratio correlation. - 2.5.1 An example of the improper use of ratio correlation - Pearce element ratio diagrams. - 2.5.2 Application to trace element diagrams. - 2.5.3 Ratio correlation in isotope geology. - 2.6 The constant sum problern. - 2.6.1 The consequences of closure. - Correlating compositional data. - The means of compositional data-sets. - Invalid escape routes. - 2.6.2 Aitchison's solution to the constant sum effect. - An example - basalts from Kilauea lki Iava Iake, Hawaii . - The interpretation of log-ratios. - 2.7 The interpretation of trends on triangular diagrams. - 2.8 Principal component analysis. - 2.9 Discriminant analysis. - 2.9.1 An example from igneous petrology. - 2.9.2 Other applications of discriminant analysis. - 2.10 Whither geochemical data analysis?. - 3 Using major element data. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Rock classification. - 3.2.1 Classifying igneous rocks using oxide-oxide plots. - The total alkalis-silica diagram (TAS). - (a) Using TAS with volcanic rocks. - (b) A TAS diagram for plutonic rocks. - (c) Discrimination between the alkaline and subalkaline rock series using TAS. - The K2O vs SiO2 diagram for the Subdivision of the subalkaline series. - 3.2.2 Classifying igneous rocks using the norm. - Cation norms. - Norm calculations and the oxidation state of iron. - Basalt classification using the Ne-Di-Ol-Hy-Q diagram of Thompson (1984). - Granite classification using the Ab-An-Or diagram of O'Connor (1965). - The Q'(F' )- ANOR diagram of Streckeisen and Le Maitre (1979). - 3.2.3 Classifying igneous rocks using cations. - The R1-R2 diagram of de Ia Roche et al. (1980). - The Jensen cation plot (Jensen, 1976). - 3.2.4 The chemical classification of sedimentary rocks. - Arenite/wacke. - Mudrocks. - 3.2.5 Discussion. - 3.3 Variation diagrams. - 3.3.1 Recognizing geochemical processes on a major element variation diagram. - Fractional crystallization. - Assimilation and fractional crystallization. - Partial melting. - Mixing lines in sedimentary rocks. - The identification of former weathering conditions from sedimentary rocks. - Mixing in metamorphic rocks. - Element mobility. - Artificial trends. - 3.3.2 Selecting a variation diagram. - Bivariate plots. - (a) Harker diagrams - bivariate plots using SiO2 along the x-axis. - (b) Bivariate plots which use MgO on the x-axis. - (c) Bivariate plots using cations. - (d) Bivariate plots using the magnesium number. - Triangular variation diagrams. - (a) The AFM diagram. - (b) Problems in the use of the AFM diagram. - 3.3.3 lnterpreting trends on variation diagrams. - Extract calculations. - Addition-subtraction diagrams. - Trends showing an inflection. - Scattered trends. - A computer-based approach to mixing calculations. - 3.3.4 Modelling major element processes in igneous rocks. - 3.3.5 Discussion. - 3.4 Diagrams on which rock chemistry can be plotted together with experimentally determined phase boundaries. - 3.4.1 The normative albite-orthoclase-quartz diagram -the 'granite system'. - Water-undersaturated equilibria. - The presence of anorthite. - 3.4.2 The silica-undersaturated portion of the normative nepheline-kalsilite-silica diagram - the 'nepheline syenite system'. - 3.4.3 Basaltic experimental systems. - CMAS diagrams. - (a) Projecting rock compositions into CMAS. - (b) Interpreting CMAS diagrams. - Diagrams based upon the Yoder-Tilley (1962) CIPW normative tetrahedron. - (a) Projections in the tholeiite basalt tetrahedron OI-PI-Di-Q. - (b) The normative Ne-Di-OI-Hy-Q diagram. - (c) The low-pressure tholeiitic basalt phase diagram (Cox et al., 1979). - (d) Problems with CIPW normative projections. - 3.4.4 Experimental systems for calc-alkaline rocks. - The olivine-clinopyroxene-silica projection of Grove et al. (1982). - The projections of Baker and Eggler (1983, 1987). - 3.4.5 Discussion. - Chapter 4 Using trace element data. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.1.1 Classification of trace elements according to their geochemical behaviour. - Trace element groupings in the periodic table. - Trace element behaviour in magmatic systems. - 4.2 Controls on trace element distribution. - 4.2.1 Partition coefficients. - Measuring partition coefficients. - Physical controls on the value of partition coefficients in mineral-melt systems. - (a) Composition. - (b) Temperature. - (c) Pressure. - (d) Oxygen activity. - (e) Crystal chemistry. - (f) Water content of the melt. - (g) Selecting a partition coefficient. - Partition coefficients in basalts and basaltic andesites. - Partition coefficients in andesites. - Partition coefficients in dacites and rhyolites. - 4.2.2 Geological controls on the distribution of trace elements. - Element mobility. - Partial melting. - (a) Batch melting. - (b) Fractional melting. - Crystal fractionation. - (a) Equilibrium crystallization. - (b) Fractional crystallization/Rayleigh fractionation. - (c) In situ crystallization. - Contamination. - (a) AFC processes. - (b) Zone refining. - Dynamic models. - (a) Dynamic melting. - (b) The RTF magma chamber. - Sedimentary processes. - 4.3 Rare earth elements (REE). - 4.3.1 The chemistry of the REE. - 4.3.2 Presenting REE data. - (a) Difficulties with chondrite normalization. - (b) Choosing a set of normalizing values. - REE ratio diagrams. - NASC normalization for sediments. - Rock normalization. - 4.3.3 Interpreting REE patterns. - REE patterns in igneous rocks. - REE patterns in sea and river water. - REE patterns in sedirnents. - (a) Clastic sediments. - (b) Chemical sediments. - 4.4 Normalized multi-element diagrams or incompatible element diagrams (spider diagrams). - 4.4.1 Multi-element diagrams for igneous rocks. - Primordial (primitive) mantle-normalized spider diagrams. - Chondrite-normalized spider diagrams. - MORB-normalized spider diagrams. - Which spider diagrams do we use?. - Interpreting multi-element diagrams for igneous rocks. - 4.4.2 Multi-element diagrams for sediments. - Interpreting multi-element diagrams for sediments. - 4.5 Platinum metal group element (PGE) plots. - 4.5.1 Presenting PGE data. - Chondrite normalization. -Primitive mantle normali
Language:
English
