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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infant Mortality Over the Business Cycle in the Developing World / (2007)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958062357302883
    Format: 1 online resource (47 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The diffusion of cost-effective life saving technologies has reduced infant mortality in much of the developing world. Income gains may also play a direct, protective role in ensuring child survival, although the empirical findings to date on this issue have been mixed. This paper assembles data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 59 countries to analyze the relationship between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality. The authors show that there is a strong, negative association between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality- in a first-differenced specification the implied elasticity of infant mortality with respect to per capita GDP is approximately -0.56. In addition to this central result, two findings are noteworthy. First, although there is some evidence of changes in the composition of women giving birth during economic upturns and downturns, the observed changes in infant mortality are not a result of mothers with protective characteristics timing fertility to correspond with the business cycle. Second, the association between infant mortality and per capita GDP is particularly pronounced for periods of large contractions in GDP, suggesting the inability of developing country households or health systems (or both) to smooth resources. Simple back-of-the-envelope calculations using the estimates suggest that there may have been more than 1 million "excess" deaths in the developing world since 1980 as a result of large, negative contractions in per capita GDP.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4346
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Access
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Short-Term Impacts of A Schooling Conditional Cash Transfer Program On the Sexual Behavior of Young Women / (2009)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958076703802883
    Format: 1 online resource (33 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Recent evidence suggests that conditional cash transfer programs for schooling are effective in raising school enrollment and attendance. However, there is also reason to believe that such programs can affect other outcomes, such as the sexual behavior of their young beneficiaries. Zomba Cash Transfer Program is a randomized, ongoing conditional cash transfer intervention targeting young women in Malawi that provides incentives (in the form of school fees and cash transfers) to current schoolgirls and recent dropouts to stay in or return to school. An average offer of USD 10/month conditional on satisfactory school attendance - plus direct payment of secondary school fees - led to significant declines in early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and self-reported sexual activity among program beneficiaries after just one year of program implementation. For program beneficiaries who were out of school at baseline, the probability of getting married and becoming pregnant declined by more than 40 percent and 30 percent, respectively. In addition, the incidence of the onset of sexual activity was 38 percent lower among all program beneficiaries than the control group. Overall, these results suggest that conditional cash transfer programs not only serve as useful tools for improving school attendance, but may also reduce sexual activity, teen pregnancy, and early marriage.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5089
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Designing Cost-Effective Cash Transfer Programs To Boost Schooling Among Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa / (2009)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958076703602883
    Format: 1 online resource (44 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: As of 2007, 29 developing countries had some type of conditional cash transfer program in place, with many others planning or piloting one. However, the evidence base needed by a government to decide how to design a new conditional cash transfer program is severely limited in a number of critical dimensions. This paper presents one-year schooling impacts from a conditional cash transfer experiment among teenage girls and young women in Malawi, which was designed to address these shortcomings: conditionality status, size of separate transfers to the schoolgirl and the parent, and village-level saturation of treatment were all independently randomized. The authors find that the program had large impacts on school attendance: the re-enrollment rate among those who had already dropped out of school before the start of the program increased by two and a half times and the dropout rate among those in school at baseline decreased from 11 to 6 percent. These impacts were, on average, similar in the conditional and the unconditional treatment arms. Although most schooling outcomes examined here were unresponsive to variation in the size of the transfer to the parents, higher transfers given directly to the schoolgirls were associated with significantly improved school attendance and progress - but only if the transfers were conditional on school attendance. There were no spillover effects within treatment communities after the first year of program implementation. Policymakers looking to design cost-effective cash transfer programs targeted toward young women should note the relative insensitivity of these short-term program impacts with respect to conditionality and total transfer size.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5090
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    When the Money Runs Out : Do Cash Transfers Have Sustained Effects on Human Capital Accumulation? (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143906402883
    Format: 1 online resource (95 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study examines the medium-term effects of a two-year cash transfer program targeted to adolescent girls and young women. Significant declines in HIV prevalence, teen pregnancy, and early marriage among recipients of unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) during the program evaporated quickly two years after the cessation of transfers. However, children born to UCT beneficiaries during the program had significantly higher height-for-age z-scores at follow-up. On the other hand, conditional cash transfers (CCTs) offered to out-of-school females at baseline produced a large increase in educational attainment and a sustained reduction in the total number of births, but caused no gains in health, labor market outcomes, or empowerment. The findings point to both the promise and the limitations of cash transfer programs for sustained gains in welfare among young women.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7901
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cash Or Condition ? : Evidence From A Randomized Cash Transfer Program (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246215202883
    Format: 1 online resource (62 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Are the large enrollment effects of conditional cash transfer programs a result of the conditions or simply the cash? This paper presents the first experimental evidence on the effectiveness of conditionality in cash transfer programs for schooling. Using data from an intervention in Malawi that featured randomized conditional and unconditional treatment arms, the authors find that the program reduced the dropout rate by more than 40 percent and substantially increased regular school attendance among the target population of adolescent girls. However, they do not detect a higher impact in the conditional treatment group. This finding contrasts with previous non-experimental studies of conditional cash transfer programs, which found negligible "income" effects and strong "price" effects on schooling. The authors argue that their findings are consistent with the very low level of incomes and the high prevalence of teen marriage in the region. The results indicate that relatively small, unconditional cash transfers can be cost-effective in boosting school enrollment among adolescent girls in similar settings.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5259
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Asset Transfers and Anti-Poverty Programs : Experimental Evidence from Tanzania (2022)
    Washington, D.C :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9961265508302883
    Format: 1 online resource (67 pages)
    Content: This paper uses a set of randomized experiments to examine the impact of a group business development program implemented by the Tanzanian government, along with a set of complementary training and cash transfer interventions targeted to vulnerable households in rural areas. In contrast with much of the recent literature, the analysis finds little effect of the business development program. While most enterprises remain operative three years after formation, even the highest estimates of effective wage rates suggest returns roughly equivalent to the opportunity cost of time for these households. Trainings on business skills and group transparency did not improve outcomes, although they appear to have exerted a redistributive effect from group elites to rank and file members. Unconditional and unanticipated lump sum cash transfers to randomly selected members of these groups induce all members to invest more in the enterprise, with seemingly little to no return on these marginal investments. The results emphasize the importance of profitability as the key motivation for asset transfer?based social protection programs.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10251
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infant Mortality Over The Business Cycle In The Developing World (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV040618950
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Content: The diffusion of cost-effective life saving technologies has reduced infant mortality in much of the developing world. Income gains may also play a direct, protective role in ensuring child survival, although the empirical findings to date on this issue have been mixed. This paper assembles data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 59 countries to analyze the relationship between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality. The authors show that there is a strong, negative association between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality- in a first-differenced specification the implied elasticity of infant mortality with respect to per capita GDP is approximately -0.56. In addition to this central result, two findings are noteworthy. First, although there is some evidence of changes in the composition of women giving birth during economic upturns and downturns, the observed changes in infant mortality are not a result of mothers with protective characteristics timing fertility to correspond with the business cycle. Second, the association between infant mortality and per capita GDP is particularly pronounced for periods of large contractions in GDP, suggesting the inability of developing country households or health systems (or both) to smooth resources. Simple back-of-the-envelope calculations using the estimates suggest that there may have been more than 1 million "excess" deaths in the developing world since 1980 as a result of large, negative contractions in per capita GDP
    Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Baird, Sarah Infant Mortality Over The Business Cycle In The Developing World 2007
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
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    Online Access
    HWR Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Effects of Cash Transfers on Adult Labor Market Outcomes / (2018)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958869786202883
    Format: 1 online resource (29 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The basic economic model of labor supply has a very clear prediction of what should be expected when an adult receives an unexpected cash windfall: they should work less and earn less. This intuition underlies concerns that many types of cash transfers, ranging from government benefits to migrant remittances, will undermine work ethics and make recipients lazy. This paper discusses a range of additional channels to this simple labor-leisure trade-off that can make this intuition misleading in low- and middle-income countries, including missing markets, price effects from conditions attached to transfers, and dynamic and general equilibrium effects. The paper uses this as a lens through which to examine the evidence on the adult labor market impacts of a wide range of cash transfer programs: government transfers, charitable giving and humanitarian transfers, remittances, cash assistance for job search, cash transfers for business start-up, and bundled interventions. Overall, cash transfers that are made without an explicit employment focus (such as conditional and unconditional cash transfers and remittances) tend to result in little to no change in adult labor. The main exceptions are transfers to the elderly and some refugees, who reduce work. In contrast, transfers made for job search assistance or business start-up tend to increase adult labor supply and earnings, with the likely main channels being the alleviation of liquidity and risk constraints.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8404
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Income Shocks and Adolescent Mental Health (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265082
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Content: In this paper, the authors investigate the effect of positive income shocks on the mental health of adolescent girls using experimental evidence from a cash transfer program in Malawi. They find that the provision of monthly cash transfers had a strong beneficial impact on the mental health of school-age girls during the two-year intervention. Among baseline schoolgirls who were offered unconditional cash transfers, the likelihood of suffering from psychological distress was 38 percent lower than the control group, while the same figure was 17 percent if the cash transfers offers were made conditional on regular school attendance. The authors find no impact on the mental health of girls who had already dropped out of school at baseline. The beneficial effects of cash transfers were limited to the intervention period and dissipated quickly after the program ended
    Additional Edition: Baird, Sarah Income Shocks and Adolescent Mental Health
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5644
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Fulltext
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Designing Experiments to Measure Spillover Effects (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048266258
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Content: This paper formalizes the design of experiments intended specifically to study spillover effects. By first randomizing the intensity of treatment within clusters and then randomly assigning individual treatment conditional on this cluster-level intensity, a novel set of treatment effects can be identified. The paper develops a formal framework for consistent estimation of these effects, provides explicit expressions for power calculations, and shows that the power to detect average treatment effects declines precisely with the quantity that identifies the novel treatment effects. A demonstration of the technique is provided using a cash transfer program in Malawi
    Additional Edition: Baird, Sarah Designing Experiments to Measure Spillover Effects
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6824
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
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