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  • 1
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048859667
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (94 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781464819056
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Content: The benefits of international migration for workers from the Kyrgyz Republic, their families, and the home economy are tremendous. The migration process, however, comes with a set of vulnerabilities and risks. Those have been brought to light by the COVID-19 pandemic, which heavily tested migration systems and strongly impacted labor migration. Relying on rigorous analysis of the existing microdata, Safe and Productive Migration from the Kyrgyz Republic: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic shows that these vulnerabilities are present at each stage of the migration life cycle: predeparture, during migration, and after return. While COVID-19 has put these limitations at the forefront, this book highlights that many already existed before the pandemic and would persist in the long run in the absence of adequate policy responses. This book presents policy recommendations to enhance the benefits of international migration for the Kyrgyz Republic and reduce its risks. Beyond the COVID-19 context, these recommendations can also help mitigate the impact of other negative shocks to international migration from the country, including the adverse spillovers of the recent Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Given the strong similarities in migration systems and patterns between the Kyrgyz Republic and other migrant-sending countries, especially those in Central Asia, the policy lessons drawn from this book are relevant beyond the Kyrgyz context
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271087
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Afghanistan has one of the youngest populations in Asia, creating strong demographic pressure in the labor market. Around 400,000 youth will continue to enter the labor force annually during the next years. Given the significant slowdown the country's economic activity, the pace at which jobs are generated is and will be insufficient. Through an analysis of labor supply and demand, thispaper estimates substantial net emigration pressures for the years 2016-2030, on the order of around 200,000 people per year. The projected profile of future migrants is one of young men with some basic level of education and from middle-income households. In addition to this economic migration, other factors like increased insecurity, conflict, and natural disasters might further accentuate these dynamics
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271085
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper analyzes Afghanistan's migration phenomenon from a microeconomic perspective. Given the elevated pressures in the labor market, a common tool to sustain livelihoods is migration, affecting 16 percent of Afghan households, both current migrants and returnees. Compared to nonmigrants, returnees are more educated and have higher earnings, while the opposite is true for out-migrants. For most of them, remittances represent a supplement to their income, particularly for those families that currently have a member abroad. Comparing earnings of Afghans abroad to those of similar workers in Afghanistan, wide wage gaps are observed, creating strong pull factors for migration. A strong self-selection of migrants also occurs across countries. Overall, migration represents an opportunity to improve livelihoods, although under its current form it does not incentivize upskilling, as most irregular Afghans find jobs in neighboring countries like Iran in low-skilled sectors where returns to education are low
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271571
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Migration in Afghanistan has been a relevant phenomenon during the last several decades, driven by a complex combination of protracted conflict, food insecurity, natural disasters, and socioeconomic factors. Around 4.8 million Afghan currently live abroad, most of them in neighboring Iran and Pakistan. While prior migration waves consisted of refugees to a large extent, in the last decade economic migrants have been increasingly prevalent, not only to Iran but also to Gulf Cooperation Council and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Due to the lack of formal mechanisms for migration, however, the vast majority of flows have an irregular nature. As a consequence, official statistics vastly underestimate the value of remittances at 1.7 percent of GDP, while analysis that includes informal channels raise this figure by up to 10 times. Overall, although a relatively small share of families benefits from remittances, they provide a vital source of income and act as a buffer against income shocks
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271086
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Migration in Afghanistan has been a relevant phenomenon during the last several decades, driven by a complex combination of protracted conflict, food insecurity, natural disasters, and socioeconomic factors. Around 4.8 million Afghan currently live abroad, most of them in neighboring Iran and Pakistan. While prior migration waves consisted of refugees to a large extent, in the last decade economic migrants have been increasingly prevalent, not only to Iran but also to Gulf Cooperation Council and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Due to the lack of formal mechanisms for migration, however, the vast majority of flows have an irregular nature. As a consequence, official statistics vastly underestimate the value of remittances at 1.7 percent of GDP, while analysis that includes informal channels raise this figure by up to 10 times. Overall, although a relatively small share of families benefits from remittances, they provide a vital source of income and act as a buffer against income shocks
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 6
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048248879
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    ISBN: 9781464817328
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Content: Skilled Migration: A Sign of Europe's Divide or Integration? examines the trends, determinants, and impacts of migration of high-skilled workers within the European Union in the past two decades. High-skilled migration, whether internal or international, is largely a symptom rather than a cause of the gaps in labor market and educational opportunities, productivity, welfare, and the quality of institutions across the regions. Free movement within the European Union is an incentive for workers and firms to take advantage of these gaps by moving from low- to high-productivity sectors and regions. This process, however, results in winners and losers depending on the extent of the complementarity and substitutability between migrants and natives and on the capacity of the sending regions to realize benefi ts from return or circular migration and other knowledge spillovers. This study assesses the economic benefits and the costs of skilled migration in the short and long runs, emphasizing the potential implications of a large outflow of highly qualified workers on the economies of the originating regions. This book uses empirical analysis to present recommendations for labor market and education policies and identify effective ways to address the various costs that migration induces among different skill groups within regions that send migrants and those that receive migrants. These methods must also improve cross-country coordination to more effectively unlock the overall benefits of migration
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice & Development Research Group
    UID:
    gbv_1749528339
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9500
    Content: This paper assesses the impact of immigration to Western Europe on the exposure of native-born workers to economic and health risks created by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using various measures of occupational risks, it first shows that immigrant workers, especially those coming from lower-income member countries of the European Union or from outside the European Union, are more exposed to the negative income shocks relative to the natives. The paper then examines whether immigration has an impact on the exposure of natives to COVID-19-related risks in Western Europe. A Bartik-type shift share instrument is used to control for potential unobservable factors that would lead migrants to self-select into more vulnerable occupations across regions and bias the results. The results of the instrumental variable estimates indicate that the presence of immigrant workers had a causal impact in reducing the exposure of natives to COVID-19-related economic and health risks in European regions. Estimated effects are stronger for high-skilled native workers than for low-skilled natives and for women relative to men. The paper does not find any significant effect of immigration on wages and employment, which indicates that the effects are mostly driven by a reallocation from less safe jobs to safer jobs
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Bossavie, Laurent Do Immigrants Push Natives towards Safer Jobs? Exposure to COVID-19 in the European Union Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2020
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
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  • 8
    UID:
    gbv_1735944327
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9347
    Content: This paper presents new estimates of the share of jobs that can be performed from home. The analysis is based on the task content of occupations, their information and communications technology requirements, and the availability of internet access by country and income groupings. Globally, one of every five jobs can be performed from home. The ability to telework is correlated with income. In low-income countries, only one of every 26 jobs can be done from home. Failing to account for internet access yields upward biased estimates of the resilience of poor countries, lagging regions, and poor workers. Since better paid workers are more likely to be able to work from home, COVID-19 is likely to exacerbate inequality, especially in richer countries where better paid and educated workers are insulated from the shock. The overall labor market burden of COVID-19 is bound to be larger in poor countries, where only a small share of workers can work from home and social protection systems are weaker. Across the globe, young, poorly educated workers and those on temporary contracts are least likely to be able to work from home and more vulnerable to the labor market shocks from COVID-19
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Daniel, Daniel Who on Earth can Work from Home? Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2020
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
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  • 9
    UID:
    gbv_186587308X
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Content: Conclusive evidence on the relationship between corruption and migration has remained scant in the literature to date. Using data from 2008 to 2018 on bilateral migration flows across European Union and European Free Trade Association countries and four measures of corruption, this paper shows that corruption acts as both a push factor and a pull factor for migration patterns. Based on a gravity model, a one-unit increase in the corruption level in the origin country is associated with a 11 percent increase in out-migration. The same one-unit increase in the destination country is associated with a 10 percent decline in in-migration
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Bernini, Andrea Corruption as a Push and Pull Factor of Migration Flows: Evidence from European Countries Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2023
    Language: English
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  • 10
    UID:
    almafu_9960151022602883
    Format: 1 online resource (53 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper investigates the economic and health risks arising from the COVID-19 pandemic for migrant workers in the European Union. It assesses migrants' economic and health vulnerabilities using ex ante measures based on both supply and demand shocks. The analysis finds that immigrants were more vulnerable than native-born workers to both income- and health-related risks, and that this greater exposure stems from the occupations in which migrant workers are concentrated. Migrants work to a greater degree than native-born citizens in occupations that are less amenable to teleworking arrangements, and in economic sectors that experienced greater reductions in demand during the pandemic. This has led to an increase in both their income and employment risks. Immigrants from regions outside Europe were more vulnerable than those from within Europe or native-born workers. The paper shows that individual characteristics, such as educational attainment, age, and geographical location, fail to explain the native-migrant gap in exposure to economic and health risks posed by the pandemic. Limited language ability, the concentration of migrants in jobs with labor shortages among native-born workers, and a reliance on immigrant networks to find jobs all appear to play significant roles in migrants' exposure to pandemic-related risks.
    Language: English
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