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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271270
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This descriptive study investigates internal and external labor migration by Nepalese youth. External labor migration is separated into the flow to India, which is unregulated, and the flow to other countries, which typically takes the form of temporary contract migration to countries with bilateral labor agreements with Nepal (referred to in Nepal as foreign employment). The study finds that labor migration by Nepalese youth is extensive and male dominated. The regions with the highest rates of labor outmigration are rural Terai, rural Hills, and Mountains. Female labor migration is mostly within Nepal, whereas male labor migration is mostly to other countries. Most labor migrants are wageemployed, and engage in services. Labor migration is positively associated with education attainment for women, but negatively associated for men. Labor migration is also positively associated with household economic status for women. Just four destination countries (Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) account for the majority of foreign employment workers. Nepal's foreign employment system faces several challenges, including implementation shortcomings in the government's institutional arrangements for workers, and the substantial market power of private recruitment agencies over workers. Male foreign employment outflow appears to be mainly associated with economic and other forces in the top destination countries. Male youth labor migration has negative effects on the likelihood of employment and hours worked for female and male youth household members who remain at home, although the effects are not consistently significant
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 2
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049081219
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (75 Seiten)
    Content: In the presence of credit constraints, temporary migration abroad provides an effective strategy for workers to accumulate savings to finance self-employment when they return home. This paper provides direct evidence of this link and its effects on workers' employment trajectories by using a new, large-scale survey of temporary migrants from Bangladesh. It constructs and estimates a dynamic model that establishes connections between asset accumulation and credit constraints, and, thus, between workers' migration and self-employment decisions. Interlinked impacts also emerge from simulations of three key policy interventions that target migration costs or domestic credit constraints for entrepreneurship. Lowering migration costs increases emigration, reduces the age at which workers depart, and reduces the duration of their time abroad, which together lead to higher savings and domestic self-employment. Reducing the interest rate for entrepreneurial loans reduces migration and savings levels, undercutting the positive effects on business creation at home. Correcting workers' inflated perceptions about overseas earnings potential reduces emigration rates and durations, triggering a decrease of both repatriated savings and self-employment in Bangladesh. The findings, which have implications for migrant-sending countries, highlight the need for policies to take into account the linkages between migration and self-employment decisions
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 3
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269635
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper uses unique data collected in rural Pakistan to assess the extent to which consanguinity, which is widespread in North Africa, Central and West Asia, and most parts of South Asia, is linked to child cognitive ability and nutritional status. As economic benefits of marrying cousins may lead to upward bias in estimates of the effects of consanguinity on child outcomes, prior work likely underestimates the negative impacts of consanguinity on child outcomes. This paper finds that children born into consanguineous marriages have lower test scores, lower height-for-age, and a higher likelihood of being severely stunted. After controlling for current household wealth and parent education, the effects of endogenous consanguinity on child cognitive ability and height-for-age are identified by (current and past) grandfather land ownership and maternal grandparent mortality as instruments for consanguineous marriage of parents
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Mete, Cem Is Consanguinity an Impediment to Improving Human Development Outcomes? Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2017
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048271462
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: Pakistan's development road map "Vision 2025" sets an ambitious target of an increase in female labor force participation (FLFP) from its current level of 25 percent to 45 percent by 2025. Women's labor force participation is rising across the country; however, significant challenges remain. This Note explores the dynamics of FLFP via analysis of the Enterprise Survey 2013, two rounds of the Labor Skills Survey (2013 and 2015), and multiple rounds of the Labor Force Survey. Results summarized here provide a picture of trends in FLFP in Pakistan since 1992, identify reasons for low FLFP and highlight key knowledge gaps. This Note, a collaborative product of the Pakistan Gender and Social Inclusion Platform and Social Protection and Jobs teams, is structured to complement the forthcoming Pakistan Jobs Diagnostic. It is also a precursor to an upcoming study, Women in the Workforce, that will collect primary qualitative and quantitative data on urban women's labor force participation in urban Punjab, Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 5
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080401
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (52 Seiten)
    Content: Temporary migration is widespread globally. While the literature has traditionally focused on the impacts of permanent migration on destination countries, evidence on the effects of temporary migration on origin countries has grown over the past decade. This paper highlights that the economic development impacts, especially on low- and middle-income origin countries are complex, dynamic, context-specific and multi-channeled. The paper identifies five main pathways: (i) labor supply, (ii) human capital, (iii) financial capital and entrepreneurship, (iv) aggregate welfare and poverty, and (v) institutions and social norms. Several factors shape these pathways and their eventual impacts. These include initial economic conditions at home, the scale and double selectivity of emigration and return migration, and employment and human capital accumulation opportunities experienced by migrants while they are overseas, among others. Meaningful policy interventions to increase the development impacts of temporary migration require proper analysis, which, in turn, depends on high quality data on workers' employment trajectories. This is currently the biggest research challenge to overcome to study the development impacts of temporary migration
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 6
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079488
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (45 Seiten)
    Content: Despite the magnitude of return migration from overseas to South Asia, the labor market outcomes of return migrants to this region have been understudied. This paper aims at filling this gap by examining systematic differences between the labor market outcomes of return migrants and nonmigrants in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan using nationally-representative surveys that include information on past migration. Conditional regression analysis is used with a focus on four labor market outcomes: (i) labor force status (ii) sectoral choice (iii) employment type, and (iv) earnings. The paper finds that return migrants are somewhat less likely to be employed than nonmigrants, which is mainly driven by returnees who returned at an older age. As evidenced in other contexts, return migrants in Bangladesh and Pakistan are more likely to become entrepreneurs compared with nonmigrants. Self-employed returnees are also more likely to hire paid employees and to be engaged in non-farm activities, compared with nonmigrant entrepreneurs. Return migrants who become employees earn a small wage premium relative to nonmigrants, compared with contexts where temporary migrants are higher-skilled. The returnee wage premium, however, is larger in the construction sector where most temporary migrants were employed overseas
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Bossavie, Laurent Return Migration and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from South Asia Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2022
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080139
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (152 Seiten)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Content: International migration for temporary employment is key to South Asia's development path, in terms of both jobs and remittance flows. Overseas markets are a critical source of employment for South Asian economies that may not be able to absorb workers sufficiently or quickly enough into the domestic labor market. Migrant workers typically experience wage gains of at least three times their earnings back home, in addition to acquiring new skills and accumulating savings that can be used to start up entrepreneurial activities upon returning home. Remittances sent by migrants while abroad also boost household consumption and support macroeconomic stability in countries of origin. However, multiple challenges exist that prevent migration from achieving its full development potential. These challenges include high monetary costs, information gaps on employment opportunities in destination countries, a lack of protection while abroad, and high concentrations of migrants in few sectors and destinations. These often prevent the poorest from migrating overseas and may place those who actually migrate in situations of considerable vulnerability. Building on rigorous analytics, this book highlights policy actions that can be taken at all stages of the migration life cycle, including after return, to minimize the risks and maximize the benefits of migration for migrants themselves, their families, and the home economy. The book provides policy options to address information gaps on employment opportunities overseas at the departure stage, to prepare migrants adequately for their experience overseas, to diversify destinations and occupations abroad, and to maximize the benefits of return migration
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9781464808417
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 8
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080688
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (53 Seiten)
    Content: This paper investigates the economic and health risks arising from the COVID-19 pandemic for migrant workers in the European Union. It assesses migrants' economic and health vulnerabilities using ex ante measures based on both supply and demand shocks. The analysis finds that immigrants were more vulnerable than native-born workers to both income- and health-related risks, and that this greater exposure stems from the occupations in which migrant workers are concentrated. Migrants work to a greater degree than native-born citizens in occupations that are less amenable to teleworking arrangements, and in economic sectors that experienced greater reductions in demand during the pandemic. This has led to an increase in both their income and employment risks. Immigrants from regions outside Europe were more vulnerable than those from within Europe or native-born workers. The paper shows that individual characteristics, such as educational attainment, age, and geographical location, fail to explain the native-migrant gap in exposure to economic and health risks posed by the pandemic. Limited language ability, the concentration of migrants in jobs with labor shortages among native-born workers, and a reliance on immigrant networks to find jobs all appear to play significant roles in migrants' exposure to pandemic-related risks
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 9
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080534
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (108 Seiten)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Content: Skilled Migration: A Sign of Europe's Divide or Integration? examines the trends, determinants, and impacts of migration of high-skilled workers within the European Union in the past two decades. High-skilled migration, whether internal or international, is largely a symptom rather than a cause of the gaps in labor market and educational opportunities, productivity, welfare, and the quality of institutions across the regions. Free movement within the European Union is an incentive for workers and firms to take advantage of these gaps by moving from low- to high-productivity sectors and regions. This process, however, results in winners and losers depending on the extent of the complementarity and substitutability between migrants and natives and on the capacity of the sending regions to realize benefi ts from return or circular migration and other knowledge spillovers. This study assesses the economic benefits and the costs of skilled migration in the short and long runs, emphasizing the potential implications of a large outflow of highly qualified workers on the economies of the originating regions. This book uses empirical analysis to present recommendations for labor market and education policies and identify effective ways to address the various costs that migration induces among different skill groups within regions that send migrants and those that receive migrants. These methods must also improve cross-country coordination to more effectively unlock the overall benefits of migration
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9781464817328
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 10
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048859667
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (94 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781464819056
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Content: The benefits of international migration for workers from the Kyrgyz Republic, their families, and the home economy are tremendous. The migration process, however, comes with a set of vulnerabilities and risks. Those have been brought to light by the COVID-19 pandemic, which heavily tested migration systems and strongly impacted labor migration. Relying on rigorous analysis of the existing microdata, Safe and Productive Migration from the Kyrgyz Republic: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic shows that these vulnerabilities are present at each stage of the migration life cycle: predeparture, during migration, and after return. While COVID-19 has put these limitations at the forefront, this book highlights that many already existed before the pandemic and would persist in the long run in the absence of adequate policy responses. This book presents policy recommendations to enhance the benefits of international migration for the Kyrgyz Republic and reduce its risks. Beyond the COVID-19 context, these recommendations can also help mitigate the impact of other negative shocks to international migration from the country, including the adverse spillovers of the recent Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Given the strong similarities in migration systems and patterns between the Kyrgyz Republic and other migrant-sending countries, especially those in Central Asia, the policy lessons drawn from this book are relevant beyond the Kyrgyz context
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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