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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Getting Real? : The Uneven Burden of Inflation across Households in Turkey (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960786830102883
    Format: 1 online resource (32 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Inflation is typically measured using aggregate price indices that are based on bundles of goods and services sold or consumed by the "median" agent. In the case of households, in particular, budget shares vary substantially across income and demographic groups. Assessing how inflation behaves at the household level requires understanding how heterogenous changes in consumer prices affect household choices and well-being differently. In recent years, price increases have been particularly high in Turkey, with double-digit inflation starting in 2017 and intensifying in 2018 and 2020 due to exchange rate volatility, macroeconomic instability, and the economic disruption brought about by Covid-19. This paper calculates income-decile price indices to examine the inflation experience across income groups and discusses their implications for household welfare. Households in the first decile allocate nearly 70 percent of their budget to food and housing, twice as much as the corresponding share for the typical household in the upper decile. Inflation measures that consider these heterogeneities in expenditures show a higher burden for the poor in recent inflation episodes driven by rapid increases in food prices (2013, 2015 and 2019). In 2015, for instance, 342,000 additional people would have been deemed poor (an increase of 4.2 percent) had the poverty calculations taken into account the actual inflation experience of poor and vulnerable households. A methodological extension of the World Bank's upper-middle-income poverty line (USD 5.50 2011 purchasing power parity) that takes into consideration the inflation experience of the bottom deciles yields higher poverty rates for Turkey every year between 2011 and 2020.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9869
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What are the Poverty and Inequality Impacts of Fiscal Policy in Turkey? / (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959609992502883
    Format: 1 online resource (57 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Fiscal policy is central to not only macroeconomic stability and growth, but also to poverty and inequality reduction. This paper provides the most comprehensive assessment of the distributional incidence of Turkey's fiscal policy to date. It analyzes the combined and individual incidence of direct and indirect taxes, transfers, and social spending and benchmarks Turkey's achievements against peer countries. The results show that fiscal policy significantly reduces income inequality in Turkey, driven by social spending on education and health, and complemented by direct taxes and transfer schemes that countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are insufficient to compensate for the effect of taxes, resulting in net increases in poverty. In the context of upper-middle-income countries, Turkey's performance is below the median. This is driven by the relatively larger negative impacts of indirect taxes and the more limited positive impacts of direct transfers and taxes. From a policy perspective, the paper contributes to identifying entry points for improving the equity impact of the fiscal package. Among these, targeting the minimum subsistence allowance (AGI) program toward the poor could be an efficient way forward. More broadly, the study represents a platform to simulate the distributional implications of a variety of fiscal changes to inform stakeholders and the policy debate.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9300
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What are the poverty and inequality impacts of fiscal policy in Turkey? (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1726681793
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9300
    Content: Fiscal policy is central to not only macroeconomic stability and growth, but also to poverty and inequality reduction. This paper provides the most comprehensive assessment of the distributional incidence of Turkey's fiscal policy to date. It analyzes the combined and individual incidence of direct and indirect taxes, transfers, and social spending and benchmarks Turkey's achievements against peer countries. The results show that fiscal policy significantly reduces income inequality in Turkey, driven by social spending on education and health, and complemented by direct taxes and transfer schemes that countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are insufficient to compensate for the effect of taxes, resulting in net increases in poverty. In the context of upper-middle-income countries, Turkey's performance is below the median. This is driven by the relatively larger negative impacts of indirect taxes and the more limited positive impacts of direct transfers and taxes. From a policy perspective, the paper contributes to identifying entry points for improving the equity impact of the fiscal package. Among these, targeting the minimum subsistence allowance (AGI) program toward the poor could be an efficient way forward. More broadly, the study represents a platform to simulate the distributional implications of a variety of fiscal changes to inform stakeholders and the policy debate
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Cuevas, P. Facundo What are the Poverty and Inequality Impacts of Fiscal Policy in Turkey? Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2020
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9300
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    UB Potsdam
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Getting Real? : The Uneven Burden of Inflation across Households in Turkey (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9960786830102883
    Format: 1 online resource (32 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Inflation is typically measured using aggregate price indices that are based on bundles of goods and services sold or consumed by the "median" agent. In the case of households, in particular, budget shares vary substantially across income and demographic groups. Assessing how inflation behaves at the household level requires understanding how heterogenous changes in consumer prices affect household choices and well-being differently. In recent years, price increases have been particularly high in Turkey, with double-digit inflation starting in 2017 and intensifying in 2018 and 2020 due to exchange rate volatility, macroeconomic instability, and the economic disruption brought about by Covid-19. This paper calculates income-decile price indices to examine the inflation experience across income groups and discusses their implications for household welfare. Households in the first decile allocate nearly 70 percent of their budget to food and housing, twice as much as the corresponding share for the typical household in the upper decile. Inflation measures that consider these heterogeneities in expenditures show a higher burden for the poor in recent inflation episodes driven by rapid increases in food prices (2013, 2015 and 2019). In 2015, for instance, 342,000 additional people would have been deemed poor (an increase of 4.2 percent) had the poverty calculations taken into account the actual inflation experience of poor and vulnerable households. A methodological extension of the World Bank's upper-middle-income poverty line (USD 5.50 2011 purchasing power parity) that takes into consideration the inflation experience of the bottom deciles yields higher poverty rates for Turkey every year between 2011 and 2020.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9869
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    Charité
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Getting Real? : The Uneven Burden of Inflation across Households in Turkey (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    edocfu_9960786830102883
    Format: 1 online resource (32 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Inflation is typically measured using aggregate price indices that are based on bundles of goods and services sold or consumed by the "median" agent. In the case of households, in particular, budget shares vary substantially across income and demographic groups. Assessing how inflation behaves at the household level requires understanding how heterogenous changes in consumer prices affect household choices and well-being differently. In recent years, price increases have been particularly high in Turkey, with double-digit inflation starting in 2017 and intensifying in 2018 and 2020 due to exchange rate volatility, macroeconomic instability, and the economic disruption brought about by Covid-19. This paper calculates income-decile price indices to examine the inflation experience across income groups and discusses their implications for household welfare. Households in the first decile allocate nearly 70 percent of their budget to food and housing, twice as much as the corresponding share for the typical household in the upper decile. Inflation measures that consider these heterogeneities in expenditures show a higher burden for the poor in recent inflation episodes driven by rapid increases in food prices (2013, 2015 and 2019). In 2015, for instance, 342,000 additional people would have been deemed poor (an increase of 4.2 percent) had the poverty calculations taken into account the actual inflation experience of poor and vulnerable households. A methodological extension of the World Bank's upper-middle-income poverty line (USD 5.50 2011 purchasing power parity) that takes into consideration the inflation experience of the bottom deciles yields higher poverty rates for Turkey every year between 2011 and 2020.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9869
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    FU Berlin
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What are the Poverty and Inequality Impacts of Fiscal Policy in Turkey? / (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    edoccha_9959609992502883
    Format: 1 online resource (57 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Fiscal policy is central to not only macroeconomic stability and growth, but also to poverty and inequality reduction. This paper provides the most comprehensive assessment of the distributional incidence of Turkey's fiscal policy to date. It analyzes the combined and individual incidence of direct and indirect taxes, transfers, and social spending and benchmarks Turkey's achievements against peer countries. The results show that fiscal policy significantly reduces income inequality in Turkey, driven by social spending on education and health, and complemented by direct taxes and transfer schemes that countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are insufficient to compensate for the effect of taxes, resulting in net increases in poverty. In the context of upper-middle-income countries, Turkey's performance is below the median. This is driven by the relatively larger negative impacts of indirect taxes and the more limited positive impacts of direct transfers and taxes. From a policy perspective, the paper contributes to identifying entry points for improving the equity impact of the fiscal package. Among these, targeting the minimum subsistence allowance (AGI) program toward the poor could be an efficient way forward. More broadly, the study represents a platform to simulate the distributional implications of a variety of fiscal changes to inform stakeholders and the policy debate.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9300
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    Charité
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What are the Poverty and Inequality Impacts of Fiscal Policy in Turkey? / (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    edocfu_9959609992502883
    Format: 1 online resource (57 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Fiscal policy is central to not only macroeconomic stability and growth, but also to poverty and inequality reduction. This paper provides the most comprehensive assessment of the distributional incidence of Turkey's fiscal policy to date. It analyzes the combined and individual incidence of direct and indirect taxes, transfers, and social spending and benchmarks Turkey's achievements against peer countries. The results show that fiscal policy significantly reduces income inequality in Turkey, driven by social spending on education and health, and complemented by direct taxes and transfer schemes that countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are insufficient to compensate for the effect of taxes, resulting in net increases in poverty. In the context of upper-middle-income countries, Turkey's performance is below the median. This is driven by the relatively larger negative impacts of indirect taxes and the more limited positive impacts of direct transfers and taxes. From a policy perspective, the paper contributes to identifying entry points for improving the equity impact of the fiscal package. Among these, targeting the minimum subsistence allowance (AGI) program toward the poor could be an efficient way forward. More broadly, the study represents a platform to simulate the distributional implications of a variety of fiscal changes to inform stakeholders and the policy debate.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9300
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Open Access Request
    FU Berlin
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Are the Poverty and Inequality Impacts of Fiscal Policy in Turkey? (2020)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_175962098X
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper No. 9300
    Content: Fiscal policy is central to not only macroeconomic stability and growth, but also to poverty and inequality reduction. This paper provides the most comprehensive assessment of the distributional incidence of Turkey’s fiscal policy to date. It analyzes the combined and individual incidence of direct and indirect taxes, transfers, and social spending and benchmarks Turkey’s achievements against peer countries. The results show that fiscal policy significantly reduces income inequality in Turkey, driven by social spending on education and health, and complemented by direct taxes and transfer schemes that countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are insufficient to compensate for the effect of taxes, resulting in net increases in poverty. In the context of upper-middle-income countries, Turkey’s performance is below the median. This is driven by the relatively larger negative impacts of indirect taxes and the more limited positive impacts of direct transfers and taxes. From a policy perspective, the paper contributes to identifying entry points for improving the equity impact of the fiscal package. Among these, targeting the minimum subsistence allowance (AGI) program toward the poor could be an efficient way forward. More broadly, the study represents a platform to simulate the distributional implications of a variety of fiscal changes to inform stakeholders and the policy debate
    Note: Europe and Central Asia , Turkey , English
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Effects of Subsidizing Social Security Contributions : Job Creation or Informality Reduction? (2022)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_180628636X
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper No. 9904
    Content: This paper evaluates the impact of an employment subsidy scheme covering employers' social contribution costs on registered employment in small firms in Turkey. It utilizes a rich, firm-level administrative data set with monthly frequency, which allows for closely following the dynamics of registered employment in firms before and after the implementation of the subsidy. The empirical approach utilizes the geographically targeted implementation of the subsidy to estimate its effects using a difference-in-difference specification. The paper finds that the subsidy scheme had a sizable and positive impact on registered employment in small firms. The results are robust across specifications and to the choice of the control group. Positive effects on formal employment are also fairly constant and sustained over time. Corroborative evidence suggests that the positive effects on registered employment are mainly driven by the formalization of existing workers as opposed to new job creation. Therefore, the results indicate that social security contribution subsidies in small firms can be effective in reducing informality in contexts where informal employment remains common
    Note: Europe and Central Asia , Turkey , English
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Getting Real? The Uneven Burden of Inflation across Households in Turkey (2021)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1806288087
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper No. 9869
    Content: Inflation is typically measured using aggregate price indices that are based on bundles of goods and services sold or consumed by the "median” agent. In the case of households, in particular, budget shares vary substantially across income and demographic groups. Assessing how inflation behaves at the household level requires understanding how heterogenous changes in consumer prices affect household choices and well-being differently. In recent years, price increases have been particularly high in Turkey, with double-digit inflation starting in 2017 and intensifying in 2018 and 2020 due to exchange rate volatility, macroeconomic instability, and the economic disruption brought about by Covid-19. This paper calculates income-decile price indices to examine the inflation experience across income groups and discusses their implications for household welfare. Households in the first decile allocate nearly 70 percent of their budget to food and housing, twice as much as the corresponding share for the typical household in the upper decile. Inflation measures that consider these heterogeneities in expenditures show a higher burden for the poor in recent inflation episodes driven by rapid increases in food prices (2013, 2015 and 2019). In 2015, for instance, 342,000 additional people would have been deemed poor (an increase of 4.2 percent) had the poverty calculations taken into account the actual inflation experience of poor and vulnerable households. A methodological extension of the World Bank's upper-middle-income poverty line ($5.50 2011 purchasing power parity) that takes into consideration the inflation experience of the bottom deciles yields higher poverty rates for Turkey every year between 2011 and 2020
    Note: Europe and Central Asia , Turkey , English
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
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